The University of Queensland

World economic performance: past, present and future

World economic performance: past, present and future. Edited by D. S. Prasada Rao and Bart van Ark Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. doi:10.4337/9781781953556

Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: critique of draft report

Rao, D. S. P., O'Donnell, C. J. and Peyrache, A. (2012) Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: critique of draft report Brisbane, QLD, Australia: UniQuest

Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: variable selection and cleaning

O'Donnell, C. J., Rao, D. S. P. and Nguyen, K. (2011) Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: variable selection and cleaning St Lucia, QLD, Australia: UniQuest

Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: project plan (final)

O’Donnell, C. J., Rao, D. S. P., Nguyen, K. and Peyrache, A. (2011) Efficiency analysis of public hospital acute admitted services: project plan (final) St Lucia, QLD, Australia: UniQuest

Purchasing power parities of currencies: Recent advances in methods and applications

Purchasing power parities of currencies: Recent advances in methods and applications. Edited by Rao, D. S. Prasada Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2009.

Declining Agricultural Commodity Prices: Productivity Gain or Immiserising Growth?

Fleming, Euan, Rao, D.S. Prasada and Fleming, Pauline Declining Agricultural Commodity Prices: Productivity Gain or Immiserising Growth? Economic paper; 74. ed. London, England: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2006.

An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis

Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P., O'Donnell, C. J. and Battese, G. E. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis 2nd ed. New York, NY, United States: Springer, 2005. doi:10.1007/b136381

The Asian Economies in the Twentieth Century

The Asian Economies in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Maddison, A., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Shepherd, W.F. London: Edward Elgar, 2002.

An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis

Coelli, Tim, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Battese, George E. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1998.

A Generalized Approach to International Comparison of Agricultural Output and Productivity

A Generalized Approach to International Comparison of Agricultural Output and Productivity. Edited by Angus Maddison and D. S. Prasada Rao Groningen, The Netherlands: Groningen Growth and Development Centre, 1996.

International Comparison of Prices, Output and Productivity

International Comparison of Prices, Output and Productivity. Edited by Prasada D. S Rao and J. Salazar-Carrillo Netherlands: North-Holland, 1996.

Manufacturing sector output and productivity in Indonesia: an Australian comparative perspective, 1975-1990

Szirmai, A., Shepherd, W. F., Rao, D. S. Prasada and de Jong, Gjalt Manufacturing sector output and productivity in Indonesia: an Australian comparative perspective, 1975-1990. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University, 1995.

Index numbers: a stochastic approach

Selvanathan, E. A. and Rao, D. S. Prasada Index numbers: a stochastic approach. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.

Australia and United States manufacturing: A comparison of real output, productivity levels and purchasing power, 1970-1989

Pilat, Dirk, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Shepherd, William F. Australia and United States manufacturing: A comparison of real output, productivity levels and purchasing power, 1970-1989. Brisbane, Australia: Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, 1993.

Inter-Country Comparisons of Agricultural Output and Productivity

Rao, Prasada, D. S Inter-Country Comparisons of Agricultural Output and Productivity. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation Publications, 1993.

A Multilateral Approach to International Comparisons of Real GDP, Productivity and Purchasing Power Parities

A Multilateral Approach to International Comparisons of Real GDP, Productivity and Purchasing Power Parities. Edited by D. Pilat and D. S. Prasada Rao Groningen, Netherlands: University of Groningen, 1991.

Comparisons of Prices and Real Products in Latin America

Comparisons of Prices and Real Products in Latin America. Edited by J. Slazar-Carrillo and D. S. Prasada Rao Netherlands: North Holland, 1990.

World comparison of incomes, prices and product

World comparison of incomes, prices and product. Edited by Jorge Salazar-Carrillo and D. S. Prasada Rao Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1988.

Intercountry comparisons of agricultural production aggregates

Rao, D. S. Prasada Intercountry comparisons of agricultural production aggregates. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation Publications, 1986.

Welfare comparisons with heterogeneous prices, consumption and preferences

Rao, D.S. Prasada (2016). Welfare comparisons with heterogeneous prices, consumption and preferences. In Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of well-being and public policy (pp. 785-820) New York, NY, United States: Oxford University Press.

Computation of basic heading PPPs for comparisons within and between regions

Rao, D. S. Prasada (2013). Computation of basic heading PPPs for comparisons within and between regions. In Measuring the Real Size of the World Economy: The Framework, Methodology, and Results of the International Comparison Program—ICP (pp. 93-120) Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9728-2

Introduction

Rao, D.S. Prasada and van Ark, Bart (2013). Introduction. In Rao, D.S. Prasada and van Ark, Bart (Ed.), World economics performance: Past, present and future (pp. 1-6) Cheltenham, Glos, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781781953556

Microfinance in Vietnam

Nghiem, Hong Son, Coelli, Tim and Rao, Prasada (2013). Microfinance in Vietnam. In Jonathan H. Westover (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship and microfinance (pp. 188-213) Champaign, IL, United States: Common Ground Publishing.

The framework of the International Comparison Program

Rao, D. S. Prasada (2013). The framework of the International Comparison Program. In Measuring the Real Size of the World Economy: The Framework, Methodology, and Results of the International Comparison Program—ICP (pp. 13-45) Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9728-2

Modelling spatially correlated error structures in the time-space extrapolation of purchasing power parities

Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Ganegodage, K. Renuka (2010). Modelling spatially correlated error structures in the time-space extrapolation of purchasing power parities. In Luigi Biggeri and Guido Ferrari (Ed.), Price indexes in time and space (pp. 63-96) Heidelberg, Germany: Physica Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2140-6_4

Additivity, matrix consistency and a new method for international comparisons of real income and purchasing power parities

Sakuma, Itsuo, Rao, D.S. Prasada and Kurabayashi, Yoshimasa (2009). Additivity, matrix consistency and a new method for international comparisons of real income and purchasing power parities. In D S Prasada Rao (Ed.), Purchasing power parities of currencies : Recent advances in methods and applications (pp. 142-160) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Generalised Elteto-Koves-Szulc (EKS) and Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) methods for international comparisons

Rao, D.S. Prasada (2009). Generalised Elteto-Koves-Szulc (EKS) and Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) methods for international comparisons. In Rao, D.S. Prasada (Ed.), Purchasing power parities of currencies: Recent advances in methods and applications (pp. 86-121) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Introduction

Rao, D.S. Prasada (2009). Introduction. In Rao, D.S. Prasada (Ed.), Purchasing power parities of currency: Recent advances in methods and applications (pp. 3-7) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

PPPs and the price competitiveness of international tourism destinations

Dwyer, Larry, Forsyth, Peter and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2009). PPPs and the price competitiveness of international tourism destinations. In Rao, D.S. Prasada (Ed.), Purchasing power parities of currencies: Recent advances in methods and applications (pp. 367-389) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Measuring social disadvantage with avoidable mortality risks

Tang, K. K. and Rao, D. S. P. (2007). Measuring social disadvantage with avoidable mortality risks. In C. A. Tisdell (Ed.), Poverty, poverty alleviation and social disadvantage: Analysis, case studies and policies (pp. 117-131) New Delhi: Serials Publications.

Inequality in a Globalised World: Issues and Measurement

Rao, D S P, Headey, D D and Shepherd, W.F. (2006). Inequality in a Globalised World: Issues and Measurement. In J.M. Aurifeille, S. Svizzero and C. Tisdell (Ed.), Leading Economic and Managerial Issues Involving Globalisation 1st ed. (pp. 229-250) NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers.

Spatial comparisons of consumer prices, purchasing power parities and the International Comparison Program

Rao, D. S. P. (2004). Spatial comparisons of consumer prices, purchasing power parities and the International Comparison Program. In A. S. Young and et. al. (Ed.), Consumer price index manual: Theory and practice (pp. 495-506) Geneva: International Labour Office.

A Comparison of Real Output and Productivity Levels in Australian and United States Manufacturing, 1970-95

Shepherd, W. F. and Rao, Dodla S. P. (2002). A Comparison of Real Output and Productivity Levels in Australian and United States Manufacturing, 1970-95. In Angus Maddison, D. S. Prasada Rao and William F. Shepherd (Ed.), The Asian Economies in the Twentieth Century (pp. 53-81) Cheltenham ; Northampton, MA: E. Elgar.

Economic performance of selected Asian countries in an international perspective: Economic growth, productivity and inequality

Prasado Rao, D. S. and Coelli, T. (2002). Economic performance of selected Asian countries in an international perspective: Economic growth, productivity and inequality. In Tsu-Tan Fu, Cliff J. Huang and C.A. Knox Lovell (Ed.), Economic efficiency and productivity growth in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 100-137) Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar.

International Comparison of Farm Sector Performance: Methodological Options and empirical findings for Asia-Pacific Economies, 1900-94

Rao, D. S. P., Maddison, A. and Lee, B. (2002). International Comparison of Farm Sector Performance: Methodological Options and empirical findings for Asia-Pacific Economies, 1900-94. In Angus Maddison, D. S. Prasada Rao and William F. Shepherd. (Ed.), The Asian economies in the twentieth century (pp. 27-52) Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Transitive Multilateral Comparisons of Output, Input and Productivity: A Nonparametric Approach

Ball, V. Eldon, O'Donnell, Christopher J. and Rao, Prasada D. S. (2002). Transitive Multilateral Comparisons of Output, Input and Productivity: A Nonparametric Approach. In Agricultural Productivity: Measurement and Sources of Growth (pp. 85-116) Boston, MA, U.S.A: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Manufacturing sector output and productivity in Korea: An Australian perspective, 1975 to 1997

Shepherd, William, Lee, Boon Lait and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2001). Manufacturing sector output and productivity in Korea: An Australian perspective, 1975 to 1997. In William Shepherd and O. Yul Kwong (Ed.), Korea's economic prospects: From financial crisis to prosperity (pp. 162-187) Northhampton, MA, United States: Edward Elgar.

Cross-Country Comparison of Consumption Expenditure Patterns

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Shepherd, W. F. and Sharma, K. C. (1998). Cross-Country Comparison of Consumption Expenditure Patterns. In Chakraborty, S., Condoo, D. and Mukherjee, R. (Ed.), Quantitative Economics: Theory and Practice (pp. 82-118) Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers.

A Reassessment of Agricultural Price Policy in Developing Countries

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Shepherd, W. F. and Sharma, K. C. (1997). A Reassessment of Agricultural Price Policy in Developing Countries. In Salazar-Carrillo, J. and Jorge, A. (Ed.), Price policies and economic growth (pp. 137-155) Westport, CT: Greenwood-Praeger Company.

A reconsideration of log-change index numbers for international comparisons

Rao, D. S. Prasada and Salazar-Carrillo, Jorge (1996). A reconsideration of log-change index numbers for international comparisons. In D. S. Prasada Rao and J. Salazar-Carrillo (Ed.), International comparisons of prices, output and productivity (pp. 227-236) Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier ; Emerald Group Publishing. doi:10.1108/S0573-8555(1996)0000231016

Stochastic approach to international comparisons of prices and real income

Rao, D. S. Prasada and Selvanathan, E. A. (1996). Stochastic approach to international comparisons of prices and real income. In D. S. Prasada Rao and J. Salazar-Carrillo (Ed.), International comparisons of prices, output and productivity (pp. 195-216) Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier ; Emerald Group Publishing. doi:10.1108/S0573-8555(1996)0000231014

A System of Log-change index Numbers for Multilateral Comparisons

Rao, D.S. Prasada (1990). A System of Log-change index Numbers for Multilateral Comparisons. In Comparisons of Prices and Real Products in Latin America (pp. 105-120) Netherlands: North-Holland.

Using the GB2 income distribution

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Griffiths, William E., Hajargasht, Gholamreza, Karunarathne, Wasana and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2018) Using the GB2 income distribution. Econometrics, 6 2: 21. doi:10.3390/econometrics6020021

An empirical investigation into measurement and determinants of food security

Maitra, Chandana and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2018) An empirical investigation into measurement and determinants of food security. Journal of Development Studies, 54 6: 1060-1081. doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1324144

Measuring spatial price level differences within a country: current status and future developments

Laureti, Tiziana and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2018) Measuring spatial price level differences within a country: current status and future developments. Estudios De Economia Aplicada, 36 1: 119-148.

Income, poverty and prices: comparisons at national and sub-national level: editors’ introduction

Biggeri, Luigi and Prasada Rao, D. S. (2017) Income, poverty and prices: comparisons at national and sub-national level: editors’ introduction. Social Indicators Research, 131 1: 1-6. doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1578-4

Is it vulnerability or economic insecurity that matters for health?

Rohde, Nicholas, Tang, Kam Ki, Osberg, Lars and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2017) Is it vulnerability or economic insecurity that matters for health?. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 134 307-319. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.010

Cross-country income levels over time: did the developing world suddenly become much richer?

Inklaar, Robert and Rao, D.S Prasada (2017) Cross-country income levels over time: did the developing world suddenly become much richer?. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 9 1: 265-290. doi:10.1257/mac.20150155

Australian university productivity growth and public funding revisited

Carrington, Roger, O'Donnell, Chris and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2016) Australian university productivity growth and public funding revisited. Studies in Higher Education, 43 8: 1417-1438. doi:10.1080/03075079.2016.1259306

Stochastic approach to computation of purchasing power parities in the International Comparison Program (ICP)

Rao, D. S. Prasada and Hajargasht, Gholamreza (2016) Stochastic approach to computation of purchasing power parities in the International Comparison Program (ICP). Journal of Econometrics, 191 2: 414-425. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.12.012

The effect of economic insecurity on mental health: recent evidence from Australian panel data

Rohde, Nicholas, Tang, K. K., Osberg, Lars and Rao, Prasada (2016) The effect of economic insecurity on mental health: recent evidence from Australian panel data. Social Science and Medicine, 151 250-258. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.014

Urbanization and income inequality in China: an empirical investigation at provincial level

Wu, Dongjie and Rao, Prasada (2016) Urbanization and income inequality in China: an empirical investigation at provincial level. Social Indicator Research, 131 1: 189-214. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1229-1

A New Multidimensional Measure of Development: The Role of Technology and Institutions

Ganegodage, K. Renuka, Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Tang, Kam K. (2015) A New Multidimensional Measure of Development: The Role of Technology and Institutions. Social Indicators Research, 131 1: 65-92. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1139-7

Poverty-food security nexus: evidence from a survey of urban slum dwellers in Kolkata

Maitra, Chandana and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2015) Poverty-food security nexus: evidence from a survey of urban slum dwellers in Kolkata. World Development, 72 308-325. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.006

Estimating the mental health effects of social isolation

Rohde, Nicholas, D'Ambrosio, Conchita, Tang, Kim Ki and Rao, Prasada (2015) Estimating the mental health effects of social isolation. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11 3: 853-869. doi:10.1007/s11482-015-9401-3

Global inequality; levels and trends, 1993-2005: how sensitive are these to the choice of PPPs and real income measures?

Warner, David, Rao, D. S. Prasada, Griffiths, William E. and Chotikapanich, Duangkamon (2014) Global inequality; levels and trends, 1993-2005: how sensitive are these to the choice of PPPs and real income measures?. Review of Income and Wealth, 60 S281-S304. doi:10.1111/roiw.12144

Economic insecurity in Australia: who is feeling the pinch and how?

Rohde, Nicholas, Tang, Kam Ki, Osberg, Lars and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2014) Economic insecurity in Australia: who is feeling the pinch and how?. Economic Record, 91 292: 1-15. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12141

Measuring Health Inequality with Realization of Conditional Potential Life Years (RCPLY)

Petrie, Dennis, Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2014) Measuring Health Inequality with Realization of Conditional Potential Life Years (RCPLY). Social Indicators Research, 122 1: 21-44. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0677-8

Distributional characteristics of income insecurity in the U.S., Germany, and Britain

Rohde, Nicholas, Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2014) Distributional characteristics of income insecurity in the U.S., Germany, and Britain. Review of Income and Wealth, 60 S1: S159-S176. doi:10.1111/roiw.12089

Calculating poverty measures from the generalised beta income distribution

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Griffiths, William, Karunarathne, Wasana and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2013) Calculating poverty measures from the generalised beta income distribution. Economic Record, 89 Supplement S1: 48-66. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12031

Who shrunk China? Puzzles in the measurement of real GDP

Feenstra, Robert C., Ma, Hong, Neary, J. Peter and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2013) Who shrunk China? Puzzles in the measurement of real GDP. Economic Journal, 123 573: 1100-1129. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12021

Income inequality and mental health-empirical evidence from Australia

Bechtel, Lucy, Lordan, Grace and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2012) Income inequality and mental health-empirical evidence from Australia. Health Economics, 21 s1: 4-17. doi:10.1002/hec.2814

Global income distributions and inequality, 1993 and 2000: incorporating country-level inequality modeled with beta distributions

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Griffiths, William E., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Valencia, Vicar (2012) Global income distributions and inequality, 1993 and 2000: incorporating country-level inequality modeled with beta distributions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94 1: 52-73. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00145

Assessing the welfare effects of microfinance in Vietnam: Empirical results from a quasi-experimental survey

Nghiem, Son, Coelli, Tim and Rao, Prasada (2012) Assessing the welfare effects of microfinance in Vietnam: Empirical results from a quasi-experimental survey. Journal of Development Studies, 48 5: 619-632. doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.638051

Inference for income distributions using grouped data

Hajargasht, Gholamreza, Griffiths, William E., Brice, Joseph, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Chotikapanich, Duangkamon (2012) Inference for income distributions using grouped data. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 30 4: 563-575. doi:10.1080/07350015.2012.707590

Exploring the links between corruption and growth

Hodge, Andrew, Shankar, Sriram, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Duhs, Alan (2011) Exploring the links between corruption and growth. Review of Development Economics, 15 3: 474-490. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00621.x

Australian private health insurance productivity growth: Is there scope to limit premium increases?

Carrington, Roger, Coelli, Tim and Rao, Prasada (2011) Australian private health insurance productivity growth: Is there scope to limit premium increases?. The Economic Record, 87 276: 125-139. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.2010.00684.x

Measuring and decomposing sustainable efficiency in agricultural production: A cumulative exergy balance approach

Hoang, Viet-Ngu and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2010) Measuring and decomposing sustainable efficiency in agricultural production: A cumulative exergy balance approach. Ecological Economics, 69 9: 1765-1776. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.014

Extrapolation of purchasing power parities using multiple benchmarks and auxiliary information: A new approach

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Rambaldi, Alicia and Doran, Howard (2010) Extrapolation of purchasing power parities using multiple benchmarks and auxiliary information: A new approach. Review of Income and Wealth, 56 Suppl 1: S59-S98. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2010.00386.x

Stochastic approach to index numbers for multilateral price comparisons and their standard errors

Hajargasht, Gholamreza and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2010) Stochastic approach to index numbers for multilateral price comparisons and their standard errors. Review of Income and Wealth, 56 Suppl 1: S32-S58. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2010.00387.x

Explaining agricultural productivity growth: an international perspective

Headey, Derek, Alauddin, Mohammad and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2010) Explaining agricultural productivity growth: an international perspective. Agricultural Economics, 41 1: 1-14. doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00420.x

The income-climate trap of health development: A comparative analysis of African and non-African countries

Tang, Kam Ki, Petrie, Dennis and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009) The income-climate trap of health development: A comparative analysis of African and non-African countries. Social Science & Medicine, 69 7: 1099-1106. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.016

Consistent comparisons of real incomes across time and space

Feenstra, Robert C., Ma, Hong and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2009) Consistent comparisons of real incomes across time and space. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 13 S2: 169-193. doi:10.1017/S1365100509090221

Measuring health inequality with realization of potential life years (RePLY)

Tang, Kam Ki, Petrie, Dennis and Prasada Rao, D.S. (2009) Measuring health inequality with realization of potential life years (RePLY). Health Economics, 18 Supp.1: S55-S75. doi:10.1002/hec.1461

A dual measure of economies of scope

Hajargasht, Gholamreza, Coelli, Tim and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2008) A dual measure of economies of scope. Economic Letters, 100 2: 185-188. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2008.01.004

Metafrontier frameworks for the study of firm level efficiencies & technology ratios

O'Donnell, C. J., Rao, D. S. P. and Battese, G. E. (2008) Metafrontier frameworks for the study of firm level efficiencies & technology ratios. Empirical Economics, 34 2: 231-255. doi:10.1007/s00181-007-0119-4

Avoidable mortality risks and measurement of wellbeing and inequality

Tang, K. K., Chin, J. T. C. and Rao, D. S. P. (2008) Avoidable mortality risks and measurement of wellbeing and inequality. Journal of Health Economics, 27 3: 624-641. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.08.003

Comparisons of real output and productivity of Chinese and Indian manufacturing

Lee, B. L., Rao, D. S. P. and Shepherd, W. (2007) Comparisons of real output and productivity of Chinese and Indian manufacturing. Journal of Development Economics, 84 1: 378-416. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.11.005

Estimating and combining national income distributions using limited data

Chotikapanich, D., Griffiths, W. E. and Rao, D. S. P. (2007) Estimating and combining national income distributions using limited data. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 25 1: 97-109. doi:10.1198/073500106000000224

Estimating income inequality in China using grouped data and the generalized beta distribution

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Tang, Kam Ki (2007) Estimating income inequality in China using grouped data and the generalized beta distribution. Review of Income and Wealth, 53 1: 127-147. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00220.x

Measuring health inequalities between genders and age groups with realization of potential life years (RePLY)

Tang, K. K., Petrie, D. and Rao, D. S. P. (2007) Measuring health inequalities between genders and age groups with realization of potential life years (RePLY). Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 85 9: 681-687. doi:10.2471/BLT.06.037382

The efficiency of microfinance in Vietnam: Evidence from NGO schemes in the north and the central regions

Nghiem, H., Coelli, T. and Rao, D. S. P. (2006) The efficiency of microfinance in Vietnam: Evidence from NGO schemes in the north and the central regions. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, 2 5: 71-78.

On the equivalence of weighted Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) Method and the Rao-System for multilateral price comparisons

Rao, D. S. Prasada (2005) On the equivalence of weighted Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) Method and the Rao-System for multilateral price comparisons. Review of Income and Wealth, 51 4: 571-580. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2005.00169.x

Averaging Income Distributions

Griffiths, W.E., Chotikapanich, D. and Rao, D.S.P. (2005) Averaging Income Distributions. Bulletin of Economic Research, 57 4: 347-367. doi:10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00226.x

The Performance of Australian Universities: Conceptual Issues and Preliminary Results

Carrington, R., Coelli, T. and Rao, D.S.P. (2005) The Performance of Australian Universities: Conceptual Issues and Preliminary Results. Economic Papers, 24 2: 145-163.

Total factor productivity growth in global agriculture: A Malmquist Index analysis of 93 countries, 1980-2000

Coelli, T. J. and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2005) Total factor productivity growth in global agriculture: A Malmquist Index analysis of 93 countries, 1980-2000. Agricultural Economics, 31 1: 115-134. doi:10.1111/j.0169-5150.2004.00018.x

A metafrontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies

Battese, George E., Rao, D. S. Prasada and O'Donnell, Christopher J. (2004) A metafrontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21 1: 91-103. doi:10.1023/B:PROD.0000012454.06094.29

Catch-up and Convergence in Global Agricultural Productivity, 1980-1995

Rao, D.S.P. and Coelli, T. (2004) Catch-up and Convergence in Global Agricultural Productivity, 1980-1995. Indian Economic Review, 39 1: 123-148.

Purchasing Power Parities for Industry Comparisons Using Weighted Elteto-Koves-Szulc (EKS) Methods

Rao, D. S. P. and Timmer, M. P. (2003) Purchasing Power Parities for Industry Comparisons Using Weighted Elteto-Koves-Szulc (EKS) Methods. Review of Income and Wealth, 49 4: 491-512. doi:10.1111/j.0034-6586.2003.00101.x

Estimation of General and Commodity-Specific Inflation Rates Using Linear Time-Varying Constraints

Rao, D.S.P., Doran, H.E. and Selvanathan, E.A. (2003) Estimation of General and Commodity-Specific Inflation Rates Using Linear Time-Varying Constraints. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 35 2003: 67-74.

Is local government efficiency measurement in Australia adequate? An analysis of the evidence

Woodbury, K., Dollery, B. and Rao, D. S. P. (2003) Is local government efficiency measurement in Australia adequate? An analysis of the evidence. Public Performance and Management Review, 27 2: 77-91.

Technology gap, efficiency and a stochastic metafrontier function

Battese, G. E. and Prasada Rao, D. S. (2002) Technology gap, efficiency and a stochastic metafrontier function. International Journal of Business and Economics, 1 2: 87-93.

Global and regional inequality in the distribution of income: Estimation with limited and incomplete data

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Valenzuela, Rebecca and Rao, D. S. Prasada (1997) Global and regional inequality in the distribution of income: Estimation with limited and incomplete data. Empirical Economics, 22 4: 533-546. doi:10.1007/BF01205778

A new approach to inter-country comparisons of real income and expenditures: the UQICD Panel of PPPs

Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Huynh, Linh Tu (2014). A new approach to inter-country comparisons of real income and expenditures: the UQICD Panel of PPPs. In: Inter-Country and Intra-Country Comparisons of Prices and Standards of Living: Abstract book of contributions. International Workshop on Inter-Country and Intra-Country Comparisons of Prices and Standards of Living, Arezzo, Italy, (1-37). 1-3 September, 2014.

Econometric estimation and aggregation of PPP panels for components of GDP

Huynh, L. T., Rambaldi, A. N. and Rao, D. S. P. (2014). Econometric estimation and aggregation of PPP panels for components of GDP. In: IARIW 2014 General Conference, Programme. IARIW 33rd General Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, (1-48). 24-30 August 2014.

Purchasing power parities, price levels and measures of regional and global inflation

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Rambaldi, Alicia N. and Balk, Bert M. (2014). Purchasing power parities, price levels and measures of regional and global inflation. In: Inter-Country and Intra-Country Comparisons of Prices and Standards of Living: Abstract book of contributions. International Workshop on Inter-Country and Intra-Country Comparisons of Prices and Standards of Living, Arezzo, Italy, (1-27). 1-3 September, 2014.

A State-space and Constrained GEKS Approach to the Construction of Panels of Real Incomes at Current and Constant Prices

Rao, D. S. Prasada and Rambaldi, Alicia N. (2013). A State-space and Constrained GEKS Approach to the Construction of Panels of Real Incomes at Current and Constant Prices. In: Princeton Conference on ICP/PPP. Princeton Conference on ICP/PPP, Princeton, NJ, United States of America, (). 23 - 24 May 2013.

A minimum distance and the generalised EKS approaches to multilateral comparisons of prices and real incomes

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Shankar, Sriram and Hajarghasht, Golamreza (2010). A minimum distance and the generalised EKS approaches to multilateral comparisons of prices and real incomes. In: International Comparisons of Prices, Income and Productivity Conference, University of Oxford, U.K., (1-15). 8-9 April, 2010.

An econometric approach to the construction of complete panels of purchasing power parities: Analytical properties and empirical results

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Rambaldi, Alicia and Doran, Howard (2010). An econometric approach to the construction of complete panels of purchasing power parities: Analytical properties and empirical results. In: Econometric Society 10th World Congress: Papers. Econometric Society 10th World Congress (ESWC 2010), Shangai, China, (). 17-21 August 2010.

Measuring income insecurity: Analysis of income data from the United States, Britain and Germany

Rhode, Nicholas, Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2010). Measuring income insecurity: Analysis of income data from the United States, Britain and Germany. In: IARIW 31st General Conference: Final Programme. 31st General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW), St. Gallen, Switzerland, (). 22-28 August 2010.

The effect of hedonic modeling and index weights on hedonic imputation indexes

Rambaldi, Alicia and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2010). The effect of hedonic modeling and index weights on hedonic imputation indexes. In: 31st General Conference of The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, St. Gallen, Switzerland, (1-24). 22-28 August, 2010.

An econometric approach to construct world tables of purchasing power parities and real incomes: Analytical properties and tables for 1970 - 2005

Doran, H. E., Rambaldi, Alicia and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009). An econometric approach to construct world tables of purchasing power parities and real incomes: Analytical properties and tables for 1970 - 2005. In: Temporal and Cross-Sectional Consistency in Purchasing Power Parities. 2009 Joint Statistical Meetings, Washington D.C., U.S.A., (). 1-6 August 2009.

Estimating posterior probability density functions or exact index numbers

O'Donnell, Chris and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009). Estimating posterior probability density functions or exact index numbers. In: Proceedings of the International conference on Frontiers of Interface between Statistics and Sciences. International Conference on Frontiers of Interface between Statistics and Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh, India, (). 30 December 2009 - 2 January 2010.

Stochastic approach to multilateral index numbers of international comparisons of prices and real incomes

Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009). Stochastic approach to multilateral index numbers of international comparisons of prices and real incomes. In: Proceedings of the International conference on Frontiers of Interface between Statistics and Sciences. International Conference on Frontiers of Interface between Statistics and Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh, India, (). 30 December 2009 - 2 January 2010.

Construction of world tables of purchasing power parities and real incomes based on multiple benchmarks and auxilliary information: A state space approach

Rao, D.S.P., Rambaldi, A. and Doran, H. (2008). Construction of world tables of purchasing power parities and real incomes based on multiple benchmarks and auxilliary information: A state space approach. In: Proceedings of the 2008 World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations, 2008. 2008 World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations, Wellington NZ, (1-47). 12-17 May 2008.

Estimating probability density functions for exact index numbers

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2008). Estimating probability density functions for exact index numbers. In: Proceedings of: International Society for Bayesian Analysis. International Society for Bayesian Analysis 9th World Meeting, Hamilton Island, Queensland, Australia, (). 21 - 25 July 2008.

Estimating probability density functions for exact index numbers

O'Donnell, C. and Rao, P. (2008). Estimating probability density functions for exact index numbers. In: Symposium Handbook: Markets and Models: Policy frontiers in the AWH Phillips Tradition. ESAM08 Markets and Models: Policy frontiers in the AWH Phillips Tradition, Wellington, New Zealand, (85-85). 9 - 11 July, 2008.

System of Index Numbers for International Price Comparisons Based on the Stochastic Approach

Hajargasht, G. and Rao, D.S.P. (2008). System of Index Numbers for International Price Comparisons Based on the Stochastic Approach. In: Proceedings of the 2008 World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations, 2008. 2008 World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations, NZ, (1-29). 12-17 May 2008.

Hedonic Imputed House Price Indices from a Model with Dynamic Shadow Prices Incorporating Nearest Neighbour Information

Cominos, H.T., Rambaldi, A.N. and Rao, D.S.P. (2007). Hedonic Imputed House Price Indices from a Model with Dynamic Shadow Prices Incorporating Nearest Neighbour Information. In: O'Donnell, C.J., ESAM07. ESAM07 Australian Meeting of the Econometric Society, Brisbane, Australia, (1-50). 3-6 July 2007.

Measuring productivity growth performance using metafrontiers with applications to regional productivity growth analysis in a global context

Rambaldi, A.N., Rao, D.S.P. and Dolan, D. (2007). Measuring productivity growth performance using metafrontiers with applications to regional productivity growth analysis in a global context. In: O'Donnell, C.J., Australian Meeting of the Econometric Society ESAM07. ESAM07, Brisbane, (1-33). 3-6 July 2007.

A New Class of Index Numbers for International Price Comparisons

Hajargasht, G. and Rao, D. S. P. (2006). A New Class of Index Numbers for International Price Comparisons. In: ESAM06 Australasian Meeting of the Econometrics Society. ESAM06, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia, (1-28). 4-7 July 2006.

Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). A State-Space Approach

Rao, D.S.P. (2006). Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). A State-Space Approach. In: CAER Centre for Applied Economic Research EMG Workshohp '05. EMG Workshop '05, Coogee Bay Hotel Conference Function Centre, Sydney, (). 12-13 December 2005.

Constructing internationally comparable real income aggregates by combining sparse benchmark data with annual national accounts data: A state-space approach

Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Doran, Howard E. (2005). Constructing internationally comparable real income aggregates by combining sparse benchmark data with annual national accounts data: A state-space approach. In: Euro Indicators: Workshop on Frontiers in Benchmarking Techniques and Their Application to Official Statistics. Workshop on Frontiers in Benchmarking Techniques and Their Application to Official Statistics, Luxembourg, Belgium, (1-22). 7-8 April 2005.

Purchasing Power Parity

Rao, D.S.P. (2005). Purchasing Power Parity. In: Fourteenth conference of commonwealth statisticians 2005 Millennium +5: Managing statistics for more equitable societies. Fourteenth conference of commonwealth statisticians 2005 Mille, South Africa, (1-8). 5 - 9 September 2005.

Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: A Malmquist index analysis of 93 countries, 1980-2000

Coelli, Tim J. and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2005). Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: A Malmquist index analysis of 93 countries, 1980-2000. In: D. Colman and N. Vink, Agricultural Economics: Reshaping Agriculture's Contributions to Society: Proceedings Twenty-Fifth International Conference of Agricultural Economists. Twenty-Fifth International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Durban, South Africa, (115-134). 16th - 22nd August, 2003. doi:10.1111/j.0169-5150.2004.00018.x

A Constrained State-Space Approach to the Prediction of Comparable Real Income Across Countries

Rambaldi, A. N., Rao, D. S. P. and Doran, H. E. (2004). A Constrained State-Space Approach to the Prediction of Comparable Real Income Across Countries. In: Book of Abstracts: ESAM2004. ESAM04 Australasian Meeting of the Econometric Society, Melbourne, Australia, (119-119). 7-9 July, 2004.

Constructing Divisia Indexes from Retail Scanner Data using Wavelet Methods

Allan-Greer, Briege, Rao, D. S. Prasada and O'Donnell, Christopher (2004). Constructing Divisia Indexes from Retail Scanner Data using Wavelet Methods. In: SSHRC International Conference on Index Number Theory and the Measurement of Prices and Productivity, Vancouver, (). June 30 - July 3, 2004.

Aggregation of Farrell efficiencies with possible reallocation of inputs

Coelli, T.J., Prasada Rao, D. S. and Soriano, F. (2003). Aggregation of Farrell efficiencies with possible reallocation of inputs. In: VIII European Workshop of Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (8EWEPA), Oviedo, Spain, (). 25-27 Sep 2003.

Metafrontier Functions for the Study of Interregional Productivity Differences

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2003). Metafrontier Functions for the Study of Interregional Productivity Differences. In: Australasian Meeting of the Econometric Society, Sydney, Australia, (). 2003.

On aggregation of total factor productivity measures

Soriano, Franklin A., Prasada Rao, D. S. and Coelli, Tim (2003). On aggregation of total factor productivity measures. In: Economic Measurement Group Workshop 2003, Sydney, Australia, (). 11-12 December, 2003.

Semiparametric estimation of stochastic frontiers

Hajargasht, G., O'Donnell, C. J. and Rao, D. S. P. (2003). Semiparametric estimation of stochastic frontiers. In: 2003 Australasian Meeting of the Econometric Society, Sydney, (). 9-11 July, 2003.

Using Wavelet Methods to Construct Divisia Price Index Numbers Based on Retail Scanner Data

Allan-Greer, B., Rao, D. S. P. and O'Donnell , C. J. (2003). Using Wavelet Methods to Construct Divisia Price Index Numbers Based on Retail Scanner Data. In: Economic Measurement Group (EMG) Workshop, The University of New South Wales, (). 11-12 December, 2003.

UQICD v2 User Guide

Rao, D. S. Prasada, Rambaldi, Alicia N., Ganegodage, K. Renuka, Huynh, L. T. and Doran, Howard E. (2014). UQICD v2 User Guide. Discussion Paper No. 534, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

An Empirical Investigation into Measurement and Determinants of Food Security in Slums of Kolkata

Maitra, Chandana and Rao, Prasada (2014). An Empirical Investigation into Measurement and Determinants of Food Security in Slums of Kolkata. School of Economics Discussion Paper 531, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Poverty-Food Security Nexus: Evidences from a Survey of Urban Slum Dwellers in Kolkata

Maitra, Chandana and Rao, D.S. Prasada (2014). Poverty-Food Security Nexus: Evidences from a Survey of Urban Slum Dwellers in Kolkata. School of Economics Discussion Paper Series 512, School of Economics, Universtiy of Queensland.

Econometric Modeling and Estimation of Theoretically Consistent Housing Price Indexes

Rambaldi, Alicia N. and Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2013). Econometric Modeling and Estimation of Theoretically Consistent Housing Price Indexes. Working Paper WP04/2013, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Income Inequality and Mental Health

Grace Lordan, Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada and Lucy Bechtel (2012). Income Inequality and Mental Health. Working Paper No. 456, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Global Inequality: Levels and Trends, 1993-2005

Warner, David, Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada, Griffiths, William E. and Chotikapanich, Duangkamon (2011). Global Inequality: Levels and Trends, 1993-2005. Discussion Paper No. 436, School of Economics, Universtiy of Queensland.

Hedonic Predicted House Price Indices Using Time-Varying Hedonic Models with Spatial Autocorrelation

Rambaldi, Alicia N. and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2011). Hedonic Predicted House Price Indices Using Time-Varying Hedonic Models with Spatial Autocorrelation. School of Economics Discussion Paper 432, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Income volatility and insecurity in the U.S., Germany and Britain

Rohde, Nicholas C., Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2011). Income volatility and insecurity in the U.S., Germany and Britain. School of Economics Discussion Paper 434, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Income Inequality, Mobility And Economic Insecurity In Australia

Rohde, Nicholas C., Tang, Kam K. and Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2010). Income Inequality, Mobility And Economic Insecurity In Australia. School of Economics Discussion Paper Series 407, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Spatial autocorrelation and extrapolation of purchasing power parities. Modelling and sensitivity analysis

Rambaldi, Alicia, Rao, D.S. Prasada and Ganegodage, K. Renuka (2009). Spatial autocorrelation and extrapolation of purchasing power parities. Modelling and sensitivity analysis. CEPA Working Paper Series WP01/2009, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

A value-added based measure of health system output and estimating the efficiency of OECD health systems

Petrie, Dennis, Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009). A value-added based measure of health system output and estimating the efficiency of OECD health systems. 393, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Exploring the links between corruption and growth

Hodge, Andrew, Shankar, Sriram, Rao, D. S. Prasada and Duhs, Alan (2009). Exploring the links between corruption and growth. 392, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Measuring avoidable health inequality with Realization of Conditional Potential Life Years (RCPLY)

Petriea, Dennis, Tang, Kam Ki and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2009). Measuring avoidable health inequality with Realization of Conditional Potential Life Years (RCPLY). 395, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

A Method to Construct World Tables of Purchasing Power Parities and Real Incomes Based on Multiple Benchmarks and Auxiliary Information: Analytical and Empirical Results

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada and Rambaldi, Alicia N. (2008). A Method to Construct World Tables of Purchasing Power Parities and Real Incomes Based on Multiple Benchmarks and Auxiliary Information: Analytical and Empirical Results. Working Paper WP05/2008, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Regulation of private health insurance premiums: Can performance assessment play a greater role?

Carrington, Roger, Coelli, Tim and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2008). Regulation of private health insurance premiums: Can performance assessment play a greater role?. Working Paper WP04/2008, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Stochastic Approach to Index Numbers for Multilateral Price Comparisons and their Standard Errors

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2007). Stochastic Approach to Index Numbers for Multilateral Price Comparisons and their Standard Errors. Working Paper WP06/2008, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Hedonic imputed housing price indices from a model with dynamic shadow prices incorporating nearest neighbour information

Cominos, Harry, Rambaldi, Alicia and Rao, D. S. Prasada (2007). Hedonic imputed housing price indices from a model with dynamic shadow prices incorporating nearest neighbour information. Working Paper WP01/2007, School of Economics, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis.

A Dual Measure of Economies of Scope

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada and Hajargasht, Gholamreza (2006). A Dual Measure of Economies of Scope. Working Paper WP03/2006, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Analysis of Development Performance Using a Development Index Based on Factor Analysis (Old Title: Constructing Multideminsional Indexes of Economic Structure and Development)

Ganegodage, K. Renuka, Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D. S. Prasada and Tang, Kam Ki (2006). Analysis of Development Performance Using a Development Index Based on Factor Analysis (Old Title: Constructing Multideminsional Indexes of Economic Structure and Development). Working Paper WP05/2006, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA), School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Constructing multidimensional indexes of economic structure and development

Ganegodage, K. Renuka, Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, Dodla S. P. and Tang, Kam K. (2006). Constructing multidimensional indexes of economic structure and development. WP05/2006, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA), The University of Queensland.

Estimating Income Inequality in China Using Grouped Data and the Generalized Beta Distribution

Chotikapanich, D., Rao, D. S. P. and Tang, K. K. (2006) Estimating Income Inequality in China Using Grouped Data and the Generalized Beta Distribution NY, USA: UNU-Wider

Explaining Agricultural Productivity Levels and Growth: An International Perspective

Headey, Derek D., Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada and Alauddin, Mohammad (2005). Explaining Agricultural Productivity Levels and Growth: An International Perspective. Working Paper WP02/2005, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Constructing internationally comparable real income aggregates by combining sparse benchmark data with annual national accounts data: A state-space approach

Rambaldi, Alicia N., Rao, D.S. Prasada and Howard E. Doran (2005). Constructing internationally comparable real income aggregates by combining sparse benchmark data with annual national accounts data: A state-space approach. CEPA Working Paper Series WP03/2005, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

All the Conditions of Effective Foreign Aid

Headey, Derek D., O`Donnell, Christopher, Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada and Duhs, L. Alan (2004). All the Conditions of Effective Foreign Aid. Working Paper WP08/2004, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Agricultural productivity growth, employment and poverty in developing countries, 1970-2000

Rao, D. S. Prasada (2004) Agricultural productivity growth, employment and poverty in developing countries, 1970-2000 Genève, Switzerland: International Labour Organization

All the Conditions of Effective Foreign Aid

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada, Headey, Derek D. and Duhs, L. Alan (2004). All the Conditions of Effective Foreign Aid. Working Paper WP04/2004, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

The Country-Product-Dummy Method: A Stochastic Approach to the Computation of Purchasing Power Parities in the ICP

Rao, Dodla Sai Prasada (2004). The Country-Product-Dummy Method: A Stochastic Approach to the Computation of Purchasing Power Parities in the ICP. Working Paper WP03/2004, School of Economics, University of Queensland.

Agricultural productivity growth, employment and poverty in developing countries, 1970-2000

Rao, Prasada, Coelli, Timothy J. and Alauddin, Mohammad (2004) Agricultural productivity growth, employment and poverty in developing countries, 1970-2000 Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization