The University of Queensland

A convenient method for the synthesis of cyclic peptide libraries

Bourne, Gregory T., Nielson, Jonathon L., Coughlan, Justin F., Darwen, Paul, Campitelli, Marc R., Horton, Douglas A., Rhumann, Andreas, Love, Stephen G., Tran, Tran T. and Smythe, Mark L. (2005). A convenient method for the synthesis of cyclic peptide libraries. Peptide synthesis and applications. (pp. 151-166) edited by John Howl. Clifton, NJ, USA: Humana Press.

Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitor PK007 decreases muscle necrosis in DMD mdx model mice

Yarlagadda, Sai, Kulis, Christina, Noakes, Peter G. and Smythe, Mark L. (2021). Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitor PK007 decreases muscle necrosis in DMD mdx model mice. Life, 11 (9) 994, 994. doi: 10.3390/life11090994

PGD2/DP2 receptor activation promotes severe viral bronchiolitis by suppressing IFN-λ production

Werder, Rhiannon B., Lynch, Jason P., Simpson, Jennifer C., Zhang, Vivian, Hodge, Nick H., Poh, Matthew, Forbes-Blom, Elizabeth, Kulis, Christina, Smythe, Mark L., Upham, John W., Spann, Kirsten, Everard, Mark L. and Phipps, Simon (2018). PGD2/DP2 receptor activation promotes severe viral bronchiolitis by suppressing IFN-λ production. Science Translational Medicine, 10 (440) eaao0052, eaao0052. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao0052

Clustering of disulfide-rich peptides provides scaffolds for hit discovery by phage display: application to interleukin-23

Barkan, David T., Cheng, Xiao-Li, Celino, Herodion, Tran, Tran T., Bhandari, Ashok, Craik, Charles S., Sali, Andrej and Smythe, Mark L. (2016). Clustering of disulfide-rich peptides provides scaffolds for hit discovery by phage display: application to interleukin-23. BMC Bioinformatics, 17 (481) 481, 481. doi: 10.1186/s12859-016-1350-9

Discovery and characterization of a potent interleukin-6 binding peptide with neutralizing activity in vivo

Ranganath, Sheila, Bhandari, Ashok, Avitahl-Curtis, Nicole, McMahon, Jaimee, Wachtel, Derek, Zhang, Jenny, Leitheiser, Christopher, Bernier, Sylvie G., Liu, Guang, Tran, Tran T., Celino, Herodion, Tobin, Jenny, Jung, Joon, Zhao, Hong, Glen, Katie E., Graul, Chris, Griffin, Aliesha, Schairer, Wayne C., Higgins, Carolyn, Reza, Tammi L., Mowe, Eva, Rivers, Sam, Scott, Sonya, Monreal, Alex, Shea, Courtney, Bourne, Greg, Coons, Casey, Smith, Adaline, Tang, Kim ... Carlson, Kenneth E. (2015). Discovery and characterization of a potent interleukin-6 binding peptide with neutralizing activity in vivo. PLoS One, 10 (11) e0141330, 1-19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141330

Conformational searching using a population-based incremental learning algorithm

Long, Stephen M., Tran, Tran T., Adams, Peter, Darwen, Paul and Smythe, M. L. (2011). Conformational searching using a population-based incremental learning algorithm. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 32 (8), 1541-1549. doi: 10.1002/jcc.21732

Sigma-class glutathione transferases

Flanagan, Jack U. and Smythe, Mark L. (2011). Sigma-class glutathione transferases. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 43 (2), 194-214. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2011.560157

Defining scaffold geometries for interacting with proteins: Geometrical classification of secondary structure linking regions

Tran, Tran T., Kulis, Christina, Long, Steven M., Bryant, Darryn, Adams, Peter and Smythe, Mark L. (2010). Defining scaffold geometries for interacting with proteins: Geometrical classification of secondary structure linking regions. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 24 (11), 917-934. doi: 10.1007/s10822-010-9384-y

Development and characterization of new inhibitors of the human and mouse hematopoietic prostaglandin D-2 synthases

Christ, Angelika N., Labzin, Larisa, Bourne, Gregory T., Fukunishi, Hirotada, Weber, Jane E., Sweet, Matthew J., Smythe, Mark L. and Flanagan, Jack U. (2010). Development and characterization of new inhibitors of the human and mouse hematopoietic prostaglandin D-2 synthases. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53 (15), 5536-5548. doi: 10.1021/jm100194a

Identification and characterisation of new inhibitors for the human hematopoietic prostaglandin D-2 synthase

Weber, Jane E., Oakley, Aaron J., Christ, Angelika N., Hayes, John D., Hall, Rhonda, Hume, David A., Board, Philip G., Smythe, Mark L. and Flanagan, Jack U. (2010). Identification and characterisation of new inhibitors for the human hematopoietic prostaglandin D-2 synthase. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 45 (2), 447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.025

Library of biphenyl privileged substructures using a safety-catch linker approach

Severinsen, Rune, Bourne, Gregory T., Tran, Tran T., Ankersen, Michael, Begtrup, Mikael and Smythe, Mark L. (2008). Library of biphenyl privileged substructures using a safety-catch linker approach. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 10 (4), 557-566. doi: 10.1021/cc800006g

Cyclic tetrapeptides via the ring contraction strategy: Chemical techniques useful for their identification

Horton, D. A., Bourne, G. T., Coughlan, J., Kaiser, S. M., Jacobs, C. M., Jones, A., Ruhmann, A., Turner, J. Y. and Smythe, M. L. (2008). Cyclic tetrapeptides via the ring contraction strategy: Chemical techniques useful for their identification. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 6 (8), 1386-1395. doi: 10.1039/b800464a

A gradient descent algorithm for minimizing amino acid coupling reactions when synthesizing cyclic-peptide libraries

Darwen, PJ, Tran, TT, Bourne, GT, Nielson, JL and Smythe, ML (2006). A gradient descent algorithm for minimizing amino acid coupling reactions when synthesizing cyclic-peptide libraries. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 9 (7), 559-563. doi: 10.2174/138620706777935333

A convenient method for synthesis of cyclic peptide libraries

Bourne, Gregory T, Nielson, Jonathon L, Coughlan, Justin F, Darwen, Paul, Campitelli, Marc R, Horton, Douglas A, Rhümann, Andreas, Love, Stephen G, Tran, Tran T and Smythe, Mark L (2005). A convenient method for synthesis of cyclic peptide libraries. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 298, 151-165. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-877-3:151

A safety catch linker for Fmoc-based assembly of constrained cyclic peptides

Ravn, J, Bourne, GT and Smythe, ML (2005). A safety catch linker for Fmoc-based assembly of constrained cyclic peptides. Journal of Peptide Science, 11 (9), 572-578. doi: 10.1002/psc.651

A versatile synthetic approach to peptidyl privileged structures using a "safety-catch" linker

Horton, Douglas A., Severinsen, Rune, Kofod-Hansen, Mikael, Bourne, Gregorty T. and Smythe, Mark L. (2005). A versatile synthetic approach to peptidyl privileged structures using a "safety-catch" linker. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 7 (3), 421-435. doi: 10.1021/cc049829q

Intramolecular disulphide bond arrangements in nonhomologous proteins

Hartig, Gerald R. S., Tran, Tran T. and Smythe, Mark L. (2005). Intramolecular disulphide bond arrangements in nonhomologous proteins. Protein Science, 14 (2), 474-482. doi: 10.1110/ps.04923305

Topological side-chain classification of beta-turns: Ideal motifs for peptidomimetic development

Tran, TT, McKie, J, Meutermans, WDF, Bourne, GT, Andrews, PR and Smythe, ML (2005). Topological side-chain classification of beta-turns: Ideal motifs for peptidomimetic development. Journal of Computer-aided Molecular Design, 19 (8), 551-566. doi: 10.1007/s10822-005-9006-2

Development of small molecules that mimic the binding of w-conotoxins at the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel

Schroeder, I.C., Smythe, M. L. and Lewis, R. J. (2004). Development of small molecules that mimic the binding of w-conotoxins at the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel. Molecular Diversity, 8 (2), 127-134. doi: 10.1023/B:MODI.0000025656.79632.86

Increased site 1 affinity improves biopotency of porcine growth hormone - Evidence against diffusion dependent receptor dimerization

Wan, Y., McDevitt, A., Shen, B. J., Smythe, M. L. and Waters, M. J. (2004). Increased site 1 affinity improves biopotency of porcine growth hormone - Evidence against diffusion dependent receptor dimerization. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (43), 44775-44784. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M406092200

Virtual drug discovery using graph

Adams, P., Bryant, D. E., Long, S., Smythe, M. L. and Tran, T. T. (2004). Virtual drug discovery using graph. Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, 40, 100-106.

Difficult macrocyclizations: New strategies for synthesizing highly strained cyclic tetrapeptides

Meutermans, W., Bourne, G. T., Golding, S., Horton, D., Campitelli, M. R., Craik, D. J., Scanlon, M. J. and Smythe, M. L. (2003). Difficult macrocyclizations: New strategies for synthesizing highly strained cyclic tetrapeptides. Organic Letters, 5 (15), 2711-2714. doi: 10.1021/ol034907o

The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures

Horton, DA, Bourne, GT and Smythe, ML (2003). The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chemical Reviews, 103 (3), 893-930. doi: 10.1021/cr020033s

Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides

Horton, D. A., Bourne, G. T. and Smythe, M. L. (2002). Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. Journal of Computer-aided Molecular Design, 16 (5-6), 415-431. doi: 10.1023/A:1020863921840

A subset-oriented algorithm for minimizing the number of steps required for synthesis of cyclic-peptide libraries

Tran, T. T., Bryant, D. E. and Smythe, M. L. (2002). A subset-oriented algorithm for minimizing the number of steps required for synthesis of cyclic-peptide libraries. Computers and Chemistry, 26 (2), 113-117. doi: 10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00087-0

Proteolysis of human hemoglobin by schistosome cathepsin D

Brindley, P. J., Kalinna, B. H., Wong, J. Y. M., Bogitsh, B. J., King, L. T., Smyth, D. J., Verity, C. K., Abbenante, G., Brinkworth, R. I., Fairlie, D. P., Smythe, M. L., Milburn, P. J., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Zheng, Y. and McManus, D. P. (2001). Proteolysis of human hemoglobin by schistosome cathepsin D. Molecular And Biochemical Parasitology, 112 (1), 103-112. doi: 10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00351-0

Synthesis of a cyclic peptide library based on the somatostatin sequence using the backbone amide linker approach

Bourne, G.T., Golding, S., Meutermans, W. and Smythe, M.L. (2001). Synthesis of a cyclic peptide library based on the somatostatin sequence using the backbone amide linker approach. Letters in Peptide Science, 7 (6), 311-316. doi: 10.1023/A:1013057832044

The development and application of a novel safety-catch linker for BOC-based assembly of libraries of cyclic peptides

Bourne, Gregory T., Golding, Simon W., McGeary, Ross P., Meutermans, Wim D. F., Jones, Alun, Marshall, Garland R., Alewood, Paul F. and Smythe, Mark L. (2001). The development and application of a novel safety-catch linker for BOC-based assembly of libraries of cyclic peptides. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 66 (23), 7706-7713. doi: 10.1021/jo010580y

An Activated O N Acyl Transfer Auxiliary: Efficient Amide-Backbone Substitution of Hindered "Difficult" Peptides

Miranda, L. P., Meutermans, W. D. F., Smythe, M. L. and Alewood, P.F. (2000). An Activated O N Acyl Transfer Auxiliary: Efficient Amide-Backbone Substitution of Hindered "Difficult" Peptides. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 65 (18), 5460-5468. doi: 10.1021/jo991340+

Toward larger chemical libraries: Encoding with fluorescent colloids in combinatorial chemistry

Battersby, Bronwyn J., Bryant, Darryn, Meutermans, Wim, Matthews, Daniel, Smythe, Mark L. and Trau, Matt (2000). Toward larger chemical libraries: Encoding with fluorescent colloids in combinatorial chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122 (9), 2138-2139. doi: 10.1021/ja993634i

Exploring privileged structures: The combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides

Horton, DA, Bourne, GT and Smythe, ML (2000). Exploring privileged structures: The combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. Molecular Diversity, 5 (4), 289-304. doi: 10.1023/A:1021365402751

Synthesis of difficult cyclic peptides by inclusion of a novel photolabile auxiliary in a ring contraction strategy

Scolastico, C., Manzoni, L., Meutermans, W. D.F., Golding, S. W., Bourne, G. T., Miranda, L. P., Dooley, M. J., Alewood, P. F. and Smythe, M. L. (2000). Synthesis of difficult cyclic peptides by inclusion of a novel photolabile auxiliary in a ring contraction strategy. Chemtracts, 13 (7), 443-446.

A Backbone Linker for BOC-Based Peptide Synthesis and On-Resin Cyclization: Synthesis of Stylostatin 1

Bourne, GT, Meutermans, WDF, Alewood, PF, McGeary, RP, Watson, AA and Smythe, ML (1999). A Backbone Linker for BOC-Based Peptide Synthesis and On-Resin Cyclization: Synthesis of Stylostatin 1. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 64 (9), 3095-3101. doi: 10.1021/jo9818780

The development of solid phase protocols for a backbone amide linker and its application to the Boc-based assembly of linear peptides

Bourne, G. T., Meutermans, W. D. F. and Smythe, M. L. (1999). The development of solid phase protocols for a backbone amide linker and its application to the Boc-based assembly of linear peptides. Tetrahedron Letters, 40 (40), 7271-7274. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)01473-2

Proteolytic degradation of host hemoglobin by schistosomes

Brindley, Paul J., Kalinna, Bernd H., Dalton, John P., Day, Sharon R., Wong, Joanna Y. M., Smythe, Mark L. and McManus, Donald P. (1997). Proteolytic degradation of host hemoglobin by schistosomes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 89 (1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00098-4

Synthesis of alpha-aspartyl-containing cyclic peptides

Meutermans, WDF, Alewood, PF, Bourne, GT, Hawkins, B and Smythe, ML (1997). Synthesis of alpha-aspartyl-containing cyclic peptides. Letters In Peptide Science, 4 (2), 79-84. doi: 10.1023/A:1008878017315

Synthesis of α-aspartyl-containing cyclic peptides

Meutermans W.D.F., Alewood P.F., Bourne G.T., Hawkins B. and Smythe M.L. (1997). Synthesis of α-aspartyl-containing cyclic peptides. Letters in Peptide Science, 4 (2), 79-84. doi: 10.1007/BF02443518

VALIDATE: A new method for the receptor-based prediction of binding affinities of novel ligands

Head, RD, Smythe, ML, Oprea, TI, Waller, CL, Green, SM and Marshall, GR (1996). VALIDATE: A new method for the receptor-based prediction of binding affinities of novel ligands. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118 (16), 3959-3969. doi: 10.1021/ja9539002

Electrochemical cyclization of dipeptides to form novel bicyclic, reverse-turn peptidomimetics. 2. Synthesis and conformational analysis of 6,5-bicyclic systems

Slomezynska, Urszula, Chalmers, David K., Cornille, Fabrice, Smythe, Mark L., Beusen, Denise D., Moeller, Kevin D. and Marshall, Garland R. (1996). Electrochemical cyclization of dipeptides to form novel bicyclic, reverse-turn peptidomimetics. 2. Synthesis and conformational analysis of 6,5-bicyclic systems. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 61 (4), 1198-1204. doi: 10.1021/jo950898o

Electrochemical Cyclization of Dipeptides toward Novel Bicyclic, Reverse-Turn Peptidomimetics. 1. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of 7,5-Bicyclic Systems

Cornille F., Slomczynska U., Smythe M.L., Marshall G.R., Beusen D.D., Marshall G.R., Moeller K.D., Slomczynska U., Slomczynska U., Cornille F. and Smythe M.L. (1995). Electrochemical Cyclization of Dipeptides toward Novel Bicyclic, Reverse-Turn Peptidomimetics. 1. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of 7,5-Bicyclic Systems. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 117 (3), 909-917. doi: 10.1021/ja00108a007

The Molten Helix: Effects of Solvation on the α- to 310-Helical Transition

Smythe M.L., Huston S.E. and Marshall G.R. (1995). The Molten Helix: Effects of Solvation on the α- to 310-Helical Transition. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117 (20), 5445-5452. doi: 10.1021/ja00125a003

α-Helical versus 310-Helical Conformation of Alanine-Based Peptides in Aqueous Solution: An Electron Spin Resonance Investigation

Smythe M.L., Nakaie C.R. and Marshall G.R. (1995). α-Helical versus 310-Helical Conformation of Alanine-Based Peptides in Aqueous Solution: An Electron Spin Resonance Investigation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117 (42), 10555-10562. doi: 10.1021/ja00147a018

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF A BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE ANTIBODY MIMIC BASED ON AN ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE

SMYTHE, ML and VONITZSTEIN, M (1994). DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF A BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE ANTIBODY MIMIC BASED ON AN ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 116 (7), 2725-2733. doi: 10.1021/ja00086a005

FREE-ENERGY PROFILE OF A 3(10)-HELICAL TO ALPHA-HELICAL TRANSITION OF AN OLIGOPEPTIDE IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS

SMYTHE, ML, HUSTON, SE and MARSHALL, GR (1993). FREE-ENERGY PROFILE OF A 3(10)-HELICAL TO ALPHA-HELICAL TRANSITION OF AN OLIGOPEPTIDE IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 115 (24), 11594-11595. doi: 10.1021/ja00077a067

RATIONAL DESIGN OF POTENT SIALIDASE-BASED INHIBITORS OF INFLUENZA-VIRUS REPLICATION

VONITZSTEIN, M, WU, WY, KOK, GB, PEGG, MS, DYASON, JC, JIN, B, PHAN, TV, SMYTHE, ML, WHITE, HF, OLIVER, SW, COLMAN, PM, VARGHESE, JN, RYAN, DM, WOODS, JM, BETHELL, RC, HOTHAM, VJ, CAMERON, JM and PENN, CR (1993). RATIONAL DESIGN OF POTENT SIALIDASE-BASED INHIBITORS OF INFLUENZA-VIRUS REPLICATION. Nature, 363 (6428), 418-423. doi: 10.1038/363418a0

Hepcidin Mimetic Ptg-300 for Treatment of Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Iron Overload

Bourne, Gregory, Zhao, Li, Bhandari, Ashok, Frederick, Brian, McMahon, Jaimee, Tran, Vinh, Zhang, Jenny, Stephenson, Adam, Tovera, James, Bai, Lu, Annamalai, Thamil, Patel, Dinesh, Smythe, Mark and Liu, David (2017). Hepcidin Mimetic Ptg-300 for Treatment of Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Iron Overload. Seventh Congress of the International BioIron Society (IBIS)Biennial World Meeting (BioIron 2017), Los Angeles, CA, United States, 7 - 11 May 2017. Hoboken, NJ United States: Wiley.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors targeting the SHP-1 catalytic domain

Kulis, C., Bourne, G., Kellie, S. and Smythe, M. (2010). Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors targeting the SHP-1 catalytic domain. EPS 2010: The 31st European Peptide Symposium, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5-9 September 2010. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/psc.1303

From Omega-Conotoxins to Macrocycle Mimetics

Schroeder, CI, Nielsen, KJ, Adams, DA, Loughnan, M, Thomas, L, Bourne, GT, Smythe, ML, Alewood, PF, Craik, DJ and Lewis, RJ (2004). From Omega-Conotoxins to Macrocycle Mimetics. CHICHESTER: JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

Clues to interaction between CSF-1 and CSF-1R from specificity and structure

Hamwood, T., Kobe, B., Smythe, M. L. and Hume, D. A. (2002). Clues to interaction between CSF-1 and CSF-1R from specificity and structure. Australian Society of Immunologists Meeting, Brisbane, 1-5 December, 2002.

Colloidal barcoding in combinatorial chemistry

Battersby, B. J., Bryant, D. E., Meutermans, W. and Smythe, M. L. (2001). Colloidal barcoding in combinatorial chemistry. Innovation & Perspectives in Solid Phase Synthesis & Combinatl, York, England, 31 Aug - 4 Sept, 1999. UK: Mayflower.

Incorporation of a cis-amide bond isostere in the synthesis of cyclic tetrapeptides

Bourne, G. T., Cassidy, P.J., Meutermans, W., Campitelli, M.R. and Smythe, M.L. (2001). Incorporation of a cis-amide bond isostere in the synthesis of cyclic tetrapeptides. Peptides: The wave of the future, San Diego, 9-14/6/01. USA: American Peptide Society.

Privilege structures: New strategies for the synthesis of cyclic tetrapepties

Meutermans, W., Golding, S., Campitelli, M.R., Horton, D., Bourne, G. T. and Smythe, M. L. (2001). Privilege structures: New strategies for the synthesis of cyclic tetrapepties. 17th AFS, San Diego, 9-15th June, 2001. USA: American Peptide Society.

The use of a novel safety catch linker for BOC-based assembly of cyclic peptide libraries

Golding, S.W., Bourne, G.T., Meutermans, W.D.F., Jones, A. and Smythe, M.L. (2001). The use of a novel safety catch linker for BOC-based assembly of cyclic peptide libraries. 17th Australian Peptide Conference, San Diego, Calafornia, 9-14 June, 2001. USA: American Peptide Society.

An evaluation of a novel safety catch linker for the development of cyclic peptide libraries.

Bourne, G. T., McGeary, R. P., Golding, S., Meutermans, W., Alewood, P. F. and Smythe, M. L. eds. (2000). An evaluation of a novel safety catch linker for the development of cyclic peptide libraries.. 16th American Peptide Symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, June 26-July 1, 1999. Dordrecht: Kluwar Academic Publishers.

Synthesis of small cyclic peptides: An auxiliary approach to address the difficult cyclization problem

Meutermans, W., Golding, S., Bourne, G. T., Miranda, L. P., Dooley, M., Alewood, P. F. and Smythe, M. L. eds. (2000). Synthesis of small cyclic peptides: An auxiliary approach to address the difficult cyclization problem. 16th American Peptide Symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, June 16-July 1, 1999. Dordrecht: Kluwar Academic Publishers.

The side-chain classification of loops from high resolution protein crystal structures

Tran, T. T., Bourne, G. T., Golding, S., Meutermans, W. and Smythe, M. L. eds. (2000). The side-chain classification of loops from high resolution protein crystal structures. 16th American Peptide symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, JUne 26-July1, 1999. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acadedic Publishers.