Alexander Khromykh received his BSc degree from the Tomsk State University, Russia, and his PhD degree in Molecular Virology from the State Centre for Virology and Biotechnology, NPO Vector”, Russia. He worked as Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Ottawa in Canada. He then joined Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre in Brisbane in 1992 and became a laboratory Head in 2001. He moved his laboratory to St Luica campus in 2005 to take an appointment with the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB). He was the founding Director of the SCMB’s Centre for Infectious Disease Research and is currently the Deputy Director of the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre.
The main areas of research of the group are molecular virology, viral pathogenesis, and virus-host interactions. The viruses studied in the group are encephalitic flaviviruses, primarily West Nile virus, and alphavirus Chikungunya. The goal of the research is to determine the mechanisms by which these viruses cause disease in the hosts and to identify viral and host factors determining the outcome of infection. The group uses a range of classical and more modern approaches including molecular manipulations with viral infectious cDNA clones and replicons, transient and stable expression of viral proteins and noncoding RNAs, viral replication and virulence assays, microarrays, mass spectrometry, next generation sequencing analysis, siRNA knockdowns, and knockout cells and mice. Together, these approaches allow the group to perform detailed analysis of the effects of changes in the viral and host genomes that are likely to have a profound impact on virus replication and pathogenesis
Journal Article: Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs: what do we know after the first decade of research
Slonchak, Andrii and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2018) Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs: what do we know after the first decade of research. Antiviral Research, 159 13-25. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.006
Journal Article: Fetal brain infection is not a unique characteristic of Brazilian Zika viruses
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Peng, Nias Y., Nakayama, Eri, Amarilla, Alberto A., Prow, Natalie A., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2018) Fetal brain infection is not a unique characteristic of Brazilian Zika viruses. Viruses, 10 10: 541-10 of 10. doi:10.3390/v10100541
Journal Article: Ilheus and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses elicit cross-protection against a lethal Rocio virus challenge in mice
Amarilla, Alberto Anastacio, Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, Figueiredo, Mario Luis, Lima-Junior, Djalma S., Santos-Junior, Nilton Nascimento, Alfonso, Helda Liz, Lippi, Veronica, Trabuco, Amanda Cristina, Lauretti, Flavio, Muller, Vanessa Danielle, Colón, David F., Luiz, João P. M., Suhrbier, Andreas, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Khromykh, Alexander A., Figueiredo, Luiz Tadeu Moraes and Aquino, Victor Hugo (2018) Ilheus and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses elicit cross-protection against a lethal Rocio virus challenge in mice. PloS One, 13 6: e0199071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199071
Noncoding RNAs of insect-specific flaviviruses: biogenesis and functions
(2019–2021) ARC Discovery Projects
Viral and host factors determining outcome of Zika virus infection
(2018–2021) NHMRC Project Grant
(2018–2020) NHMRC Project Grant
Characterisation of the Flaviviral Non-Structural Protein NS1'
(2015) Doctor Philosophy
Second Generation Single-Round Infectious Particle (SRIP)-Producing Flavivirus Vaccine
(2014) Doctor Philosophy
West Nile Virus Vaccine Development
(2011) Doctor Philosophy
Flavivirus replication and assembly
Roby, Justin A., Funk, Anneke and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2012). Flavivirus replication and assembly. In Pei-Yong Shi (Ed.), Molecular virology and control of flaviviruses (pp. 21-49) Norfolk, United Kingdom: Caister Academic Press.
Nucleic acid-based infectious and pseudoinfectious flavivirus vaccines
Roby, Justin A., Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2011). Nucleic acid-based infectious and pseudoinfectious flavivirus vaccines. In Philip R. Dormitzer, Christian W. Mandl and Rino Rappuoli (Ed.), Replicating vaccines : A new generation (pp. 299-320) Basel, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-0346-0277-8_13
Vaccine development against West Nile Virus
Khromykh, Alexander A., Chang, David C. and Hall, Roy A. (2009). Vaccine development against West Nile Virus. In Diamond, Michael S. (Ed.), West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Pathogenesis and the Host Immune Response 1st ed. (pp. 427-451) New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
Kunjin RNA replication and applications of Kunjin replicons
Westaway, E. G., Mackenzie, J. M. and Khromykh, A. A. (2003). Kunjin RNA replication and applications of Kunjin replicons. In Thomas J. Chambers, Thomas P. Monath, Karl Maramorosch, Aaron J. Shatkin and Frederick A. Murphy (Ed.), The Flaviviruses: Structure, replication and evolution (pp. 100-140) San Diego: Academic Press Inc. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(03)59004-2
Replication and gene function in Kunjin virus
Westaway, E. G., Mackenzie, J. M. and Khromykh, A. A. (2002). Replication and gene function in Kunjin virus. In J. S. Mackenzie, A. D. T. Barrett and V. Deubel (Ed.), Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses (pp. 323-352) Berlin: Springer.
Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs: what do we know after the first decade of research
Slonchak, Andrii and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2018) Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs: what do we know after the first decade of research. Antiviral Research, 159 13-25. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.006
Fetal brain infection is not a unique characteristic of Brazilian Zika viruses
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Peng, Nias Y., Nakayama, Eri, Amarilla, Alberto A., Prow, Natalie A., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2018) Fetal brain infection is not a unique characteristic of Brazilian Zika viruses. Viruses, 10 10: 541-10 of 10. doi:10.3390/v10100541
Amarilla, Alberto Anastacio, Fumagalli, Marcilio Jorge, Figueiredo, Mario Luis, Lima-Junior, Djalma S., Santos-Junior, Nilton Nascimento, Alfonso, Helda Liz, Lippi, Veronica, Trabuco, Amanda Cristina, Lauretti, Flavio, Muller, Vanessa Danielle, Colón, David F., Luiz, João P. M., Suhrbier, Andreas, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Khromykh, Alexander A., Figueiredo, Luiz Tadeu Moraes and Aquino, Victor Hugo (2018) Ilheus and Saint Louis encephalitis viruses elicit cross-protection against a lethal Rocio virus challenge in mice. PloS One, 13 6: e0199071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199071
Prow, Natalie A, Liu, Liang, Nakayama, Eri, Cooper, Tamara H, Yan, Kexin, Eldi, Preethi, Hazlewood, Jessamine E, Tang, Bing, Le, Thuy T, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Khromykh, Alexander A, Hobson-Peters, Jody, Diener, Kerrilyn R, Howley, Paul M, Hayball, John D and Suhrbier, Andreas (2018) A vaccinia-based single vector construct multi-pathogen vaccine protects against both Zika and chikungunya viruses. Nature Communications, 9 1: 1230. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03662-6
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Periasamy, Parthiban, Peng, Nias Yong Gao, Amarilla, Alberto A, Slonchak, Andrii and Khromykh, Alexander A (2017) Helicase Domain of West Nile Virus NS3 Protein Plays a Role in Inhibition of Type I Interferon Signalling. Viruses, 9 11: 1-13. doi:10.3390/v9110326
Characterization of recombinant Flaviviridae viruses possessing a small reporter-tag
Tamura, Tomokazu, Fukuhara, Takasuke, Uchida, Takuro, Ono, Chikako, Mori, Hiroyuki, Sato, Asuka, Fauzyah, Yuzy, Okamoto, Toru, Kurosu, Takeshi, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Imamura, Michio, Tautz, Norbert, Sakoda, Yoshihiro, Khromykh, Alexander A., Chayama, Kazuaki and Matsuura, Yoshiharu (2017) Characterization of recombinant Flaviviridae viruses possessing a small reporter-tag. Journal of Virology, 92 2: 1-19. doi:10.1128/JVI.01582-17
Piyasena, Thisun B. H., Setoh, Yin X., Hobson-Peters, Jody, Prow, Natalie A., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Khromykh, Alexander A., Perera, David, Cardosa, Mary J., Kirkland, Peter D. and Hall, Roy A. (2017) Differential Diagnosis of Flavivirus Infections in Horses Using Viral Envelope Protein Domain III Antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 17 12: 825-835. doi:10.1089/vbz.2017.2172
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Amarilla, Alberto A., Peng, Nias Y., Slonchak, Andrii, Periasamy, Parthiban, Figueiredo, Luiz T. M., Aquino, Victor H. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2017) Full genome sequence of Rocio virus reveal substantial variations from the prototype Rocio virus SPH 34675 sequence. Archives of Virology, 163 1: 255-258. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3561-4
Cell fusing agent virus and dengue virus mutually interact in Aedes aegypti cell lines
Zhang, Guangmei, Asad, Sultan, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Asgari, Sassan (2017) Cell fusing agent virus and dengue virus mutually interact in Aedes aegypti cell lines. Scientific Reports, 7 1: 6935.1-6935.8. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07279-5
Piyasena, Thisun B. H. , Setoh, Yin X., Hobson-Peters, Jody, Newton, Natalee D. , Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, McLean, Breeanna J. , Vet, Laura J. , Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2017) Infectious DNAs derived from insect-specific flavivirus genomes enable identification of pre- and post-entry host restrictions in vertebrate cells. Scientific Reports, 7 1: 2940.1-2940.11. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03120-1
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Prow, Natalie A., Peng, Nias, Hugo, Leon E., Devine, Gregor, Hazlewood, Jessamine E., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2017) De novo generation and characterization of new Zika virus isolate using sequence data from a microcephaly case. mSphere, 2 3: 1-11. doi:10.1128/mSphereDirect.00190-17
Amarilla, Alberto A., Setoh, Yin X., Periasamy, Parthiban, Peng, Nias Y., Pali, Gabor , Figueiredo, Luiz T., Khromykh, Alexander and Aquino, Victor H. (2017) Chimeric viruses between Rocio and West Nile: the role for Rocio prM-E proteins in virulence and inhibition of interferon-α/β signaling. Scientific Reports, 7 1: 44642.1-44642.8. doi:10.1038/srep44642
Genetic characterization of Cacipacoré virus from ticks collected in São Paulo State, Brazil
de Figueiredo, Glauciane Garcia, Amarilla, Alberto Anastacio, de Souza, William Marciel, Fumagalli, Marcılio Jorge, de Figueiredo, Mario Luis, Szabó, Matias Pablo Juan, Badra, Soraya Jabur, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Khromykh, Alexander A., Aquino, Victor Hugo and Figueiredo, Luiz Tadeu Moraes (2017) Genetic characterization of Cacipacoré virus from ticks collected in São Paulo State, Brazil. Archives of Virology, 162 6: 1-4. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3279-3
Pyankov, Oleg V., Setoh, Yin Xiang, Bodnev, Sergey A., Edmonds, Judith H., Pyankova, Olga G., Pyankov, Stepan A., Pali, Gabor, Belford, Shane, Lu, Louis, La, Mylinh, Lovrecz, George, Volchkova, Valentina A., Chappell, Keith J., Watterson, Daniel, Marsh, Glenn, Young, Paul R., Agafonov, Alexander A., Farmer, Jillann F., Volchkov, Victor E., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2017) Successful post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola infected non-human primates using Ebola glycoprotein-specific equine IgG. Scientific Reports, 7 1: 41537. doi:10.1038/srep41537
Pliego Zamora, Adriana, Edmonds, Judith H., Reynolds, Maxwell J., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Ralph, Stephen J. (2016) The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology, 495 18-32. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.021
Virulence and evolution of West Nile Virus, Australia, 1960-2012
Prow, Natalie A., Edmonds, Judith H., Williams, David T., Setoh, Yin X., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Suen, Willy W., Hobson-Peters, Jody, van den Hurk, Andrew F., Pyke, Alyssa T., Hall-Mendelin, Sonja, Northill, Judith A., Johansen, Cheryl A., Warrilow, David, Wang, Jianning, Kirkland, Peter D., Doggett, Stephen, Andrade, Christy C., Brault, Aaron C., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2016) Virulence and evolution of West Nile Virus, Australia, 1960-2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22 8: 1353-1362. doi:10.3201/eid2208.151719
Slonchak, Andrii, Shannon, Rory P, Pali, Gabor and Khromykh, Alexander A (2016) Human miRNA miR-532-5p exhibits antiviral activity against West Nile virus via suppression of host genes SESTD1 and TAB3 required for virus replication. Journal of Virology, 90 5: 2388-2402. doi:10.1128/JVI.02608-15
Functional non-coding RNAs derived from the flavivirus 3' untranslated region
Clarke, B. D., Roby, J. A., Slonchak, A. and Khromykh, A. A. (2015) Functional non-coding RNAs derived from the flavivirus 3' untranslated region. Virus Research, 206 53-61. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.026
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Tan, Cindy Si En, Prow, Natalie A., Hobson-Peters, Jody, Young, Paul R., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2015) The I22V and L72S substitutions in West Nile virus prM protein promote enhanced prM/E heterodimerisation and nucleocapsid incorporation. Virology Journal, 12 1: 72.1-72.5. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0303-7
Young, Lucy B., Melian, Ezequiel Balmori, Setoh, Yin Xiang, Young, Paul R. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2015) Last 20 aa of the West Nile virus NS1' protein are responsible for its retention in cells and the formation of unique heat-stable dimers.. Journal of General Virology, 96 5: 1042-1054. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000053
O'Brien, Caitlin A., Hobson-Peters, Jody, Yam, Alice Wei Yee, Colmant, Agathe M. G., McLean, Breeanna J., Prow, Natalie A., Watterson, Daniel, Hall-Mendelin, Sonja, Warrilow, David, Ng, Mah-Lee, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2015) Viral RNA intermediates as targets for detection and discovery of novel and emerging mosquito-borne viruses. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9 3: 1-27. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003629
Pyankov, Oleg V., Bodnev, Sergey A., Pyankova, Olga G., Solodkyi, Vladislav V., Pyankov, Stepan A., Setoh, Yin Xiang, Volchkova, Valentina A., Suhrbier, Andreas, Volchkov, Viktor V., Agafonov, Alexander A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2015) A Kunjin replicon virus-like particle vaccine provides protection against ebola virus infection in nonhuman primates. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 212 Supp.: S1-S4. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv019
Rawle, Daniel J., Setoh, Yin Xiang, Edmonds, Judith H. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2015) Comparison of attenuated and virulent West Nile virus strains in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells as a model of initial human infection. Virology Journal, 12 1: 46.1-46.5. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0279-3
Post-translational regulation and modifications of flavivirus structural proteins
Roby, Justin A., Setoh, Yin Xiang, Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2015) Post-translational regulation and modifications of flavivirus structural proteins. Journal of General Virology, 96 7: 1551-1569. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000097
Setoh, Yin Xiang, Prow, Natalie A., Rawle, Daniel J., Tan, Cindy Si En, Edmonds, Judith H., Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2015) Systematic analysis of viral genes responsible for differential virulence between American and Australian West Nile virus strains. Journal of General Virology, 96 Pt 6: 1297-1308. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000069
Multiple immune factors are involved in controlling acute and chronic chikungunya virus infection
Poo, Yee Suan, Rudd, Penny A., Gardner, Joy, Wilson, Jane A. C., Larcher, Thibaut, Colle, Marie-Anne, Le, Thuy T., Nakaya, Helder I., Warrilow, David, Allcock, Richard, Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Schroder, Wayne A., Khromykh, Alexander A., Lopez, Jose A. and Suhrbier, Andreas (2014) Multiple immune factors are involved in controlling acute and chronic chikungunya virus infection. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8 12: 1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003354
Melian, Ezequiel Balmori, Hall-Mendelin, Sonja, Du, Fangyao, Owens, Nick, Bosco-Lauth, Angela M., Nagasaki, Tomoko, Rudd, Stephen, Brault, Aaron C., Bowen, Richard A., Hall, Roy A., van den Hurk, Andrew F. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2014) Programmed ribosomal frameshift alters expression of West Nile virus genes and facilitates virus replication in birds and mosquitoes. PLoS Pathogens, 10 11: e1004447.1-e1004447.18. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004447
Roby, Justin A., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Prow, Natalie A., Chang, David C., Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2014) The increased expression of capsid protein in trans enhances production of single-round infectious particles by West Nile virus DNA vaccine candidate. Journal of General Virology, 95 10: 2176-2191. doi:10.1099/vir.0.064121-0
Slonchak, Andrii, Hussain, Mazhar, Torres Morales, Shessy, Asgari, Sassan and Khromykh, Alexander (2014) Expression of mosquito microRNA aae-miR-2940-5p is down-regulated in response to West Nile Virus infection to restrict viral replication. Journal of Virology, 88 15: 8457-8467. doi:10.1128/JVI.00317-14
Mayoral, Jamie G., Etebari, Kayvan, Hussain, Mazhar, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Asgari, Sassan (2014) Wolbachia infection modifies the profile, shuttling and structure of MicroRNAs in a mosquito cell line. PLoS One, 9 4: e96107. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096107
Loop de loop: viral RNA evades IFIT1 targeting
Roby, Justin A., Clarke, Brian D. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2014) Loop de loop: viral RNA evades IFIT1 targeting. Trends In Microbiology, 22 4: 171-173. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.014
Frese, Michael, Lee, Eva, Larena, Maximilian, Lim, Pek Siew, Rao, Sudha, Matthaei, Klaus I., Khromykh, Alexander, Ramshaw, Ian and Lobigs, Mario (2014) Internal ribosome entry site-based attenuation of a flavivirus candidate vaccine and evaluation of the effect of beta interferon coexpression on vaccine properties. Journal of Virology, 88 4: 2056-2070. doi:10.1128/JVI.03051-13
Roby, Justin A., Pijlman, Gorben P., Wilusz, Jeffrey and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2014) Noncoding subgenomic flavivirus RNA: multiple functions in West Nile Virus pathogenesis and modulation of host responses. Viruses, 6 2: 404-427. doi:10.3390/v6020404
Hoenen, Antje, Gillespie, Leah, Morgan, Garry, van der Heide, Peter, Khromykh, Alexander and Mackenzie, Jason (2014) The West Nile virus assembly process evades the conserved antiviral mechanism of the interferon-induced MxA protein. Virology, 448 104-116. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.005
Roby, Justin A., Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2013) West Nile virus genome with glycosylated envelope protein and deletion of alpha helixes 1, 2 and 4 in the capsid gene is non-infectious and efficiently secretes sub-viral particles. Journal of Virology, 87 23: 13063-13069. doi:10.1128/JVI.01552-13
Tan, Cindy S. E., Hobson-Peters, Jody M., Stoermer, Martin J., Fairlie, David P., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2013) An interaction between the methyltransferase and RNA dependent RNA polymerase domains of the West Nile virus NS5 protein. Journal of General Virology, 94 Pt. 9: 1961-1971. doi:10.1099/vir.0.054395-0
NS1' colocalizes with NS1 and can substitute for NS1 in West Nile virus replication
Young, Lucy B., Melian, Ezequiel Balmori and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2013) NS1' colocalizes with NS1 and can substitute for NS1 in West Nile virus replication. Journal of Virology, 87 16: 9384-9390. doi:10.1128/JVI.01101-13
Edmonds, Judith, van Grinsven, Erinke, Prow, Natalie, Bosco-Lauth, Angela, Brault, Aaron C., Bowen, Richard A., Hall, Roy and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2013) A novel bacteria-free method for generation of flavivirus infectious DNA by circular polymerase extension reaction allows accurate recapitulation of viral heterogeneity. Journal of Virology, 87 4: 2367-2372. doi:10.1128/JVI.03162-12
Melian, Ezequiel Balmori, Edmonds, Judith H., Nagasaki, Tomoko Kim, Hinzman, Edward, Floden, Nadia and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2013) West Nile virus NS2A protein facilitates virus-induced apoptosis independently of interferon response. Journal of General Virology, 94 Part 2: 308-313. doi:10.1099/vir.0.047076-0
Effect of Wolbachia on replication of West Nile Virus in mosquito cell line and adult mosquitoes
Hussain, Mazhar, Lu, Guangjin, Torres, Shessy, Edmonds, Judith H., Kay, Brian H., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Asgari, Sassan (2013) Effect of Wolbachia on replication of West Nile Virus in mosquito cell line and adult mosquitoes. Journal of Virology, 87 2: 851-858. doi:10.1128/JVI.01837-12
Noncoding flavivirus RNA displays RNA interference suppressoractivity in insect and mammalian cells
Schnettler, Esther, Sterken, Mark G., Leung, Jason Y., Metz, Stefan W., Geertsema, Corinne, Goldbach, Rob W., Vlak, Just M., Kohl, Alain, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Pijlman, Gorben P. (2012) Noncoding flavivirus RNA displays RNA interference suppressoractivity in insect and mammalian cells. Journal of Virology, 86 24: 13486-13500. doi:10.1128/JVI.01104-12
Moon, Stephanie L., Anderson, John R., Kumagai, Yutaro, Wilusz, Carol J., Akira, Shizuo, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Wilusz, Jeffrey (2012) A noncoding RNA produced by arthropod-borne flaviviruses inhibits the cellular exoribonuclease XRN1 and alters host mRNA stability. RNA, 18 11: 2029-2040. doi:10.1261/rna.034330.112
Setoh, Y. X., Prow, N. A., Hobson-Peters, J., Lobigs, M., Young, P. R., Khromykh, A. A. and Hall, R. A. (2012) Identification of residues in West Nile virus premembrane protein that influence viral particle secretion and virulence. Journal of General Virology, 93 Part 9: 1965-1975. doi:10.1099/vir.0.044453-0
Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against Chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock
Rudd, Penny A., Wilson, Jane, Gardner, Joy, Larcher, Thibaut, Babarit, Candice, Le, Thuy T., Anraku, Itaru, Kumagai, Yutaro, Loo, Yueh-Ming, Gale Jr, Michael, Akira, Shizuo, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Suhrbier, Andreas (2012) Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against Chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock. Journal of Virology, 86 18: 9888-9898. doi:10.1128/JVI.00956-12
Characterization of virulent West Nile virus Kunjin Strain, Australia, 2011
Frost, Melinda J., Zhang, Jing, Edmonds, Judith H., Prow, Natalie A., Gu, Xingnian, Davis, Rodney, Hornitzky, Christine, Arzey, Kathleen E., Finlaison, Deborah, Hick, Paul, Read, Andrew, Hobson-Peters, Jody, May, Fiona J., Doggett, Stephen L., Haniotis, John, Russell, Richard C., Hall, Roy A., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Kirkland, Peter D. (2012) Characterization of virulent West Nile virus Kunjin Strain, Australia, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18 5: 792-800. doi:10.3201/eid1805.111720
Schuessler, Andrea, Funk, Anneke, Lazear, Helen M., Cooper, Daphne A., Torres, Shessy, Daffis, Stephane, Jha, Babal Kant, Kumagai, Yutaro, Takeuchi, Osamu, Hertzog, Paul, Silverman, Robert, Akira, Shizuo, Barton, David J., Diamond, Michael S. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2012) West Nile virus noncoding subgenomic RNA contributes to viral evasion of the type I interferon-mediated antiviral response. Journal of Virology, 86 10: 5708-5718. doi:10.1128/JVI.00207-12
Hussain, Mazhar, Torres, Shessy, Schnettler, Esther, Funk, Anneke, Grundhoff, Adam, Pijlman, Gorben P., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Asgari, Sassan (2012) West Nile virus encodes a microRNA-like small RNA in the 3' untranslated region which up-regulates GATA4 mRNA and facilitates virus replication in mosquito cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 40 5: 2210-2223. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr848
Reynard, O., Mokhonov, V., Mokhonova, E., Leung, J., Page, A., Mateo, M., Pyankova, O., Georges-Courbot, M. C., Raoul, H., Khromykh, A. A. and Volchkov, V. E. (2011) Kunjin virus replicon-based vaccines expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein GP protect the guinea pig against lethal Ebola virus infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204 3: S1060-S1065. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir347
Determinants of attenuation in the envelope protein of the flavivirus Alfuy
Prow, Natalie A., May, Fiona J., Westlake, Daniel J., Hurrelbrink, Robert J., Biron, Rebecca M., Leung, Jason Y., McMinn, Peter C., Clark, David C., Mackenzie, John S., Lobigs, Mario, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2011) Determinants of attenuation in the envelope protein of the flavivirus Alfuy. Journal of General Virology, 92 10: 2286-2296. doi:10.1099/vir.0.034793-0
Faham, Abdus, Herringson, Thomas, Parish, Chris, Suhrbier, AandreaS, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Altin, Joseph G. (2011) pDNA-lipoplexes engrafted with flagellin-related peptide induce potent immunity and anti-tumour effects. Vaccine, 29 40: 6911-6919. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.045
Daffis, Stephane, Lazear, Helen M., Liu, Wen Jun, Audsley, Michelle, Engle, Michael, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Diamond, Michael S. (2011) The naturally attenuated Kunjin strain of West Nile virus shows enhanced sensitivity to the host type I interferon response. Journal of Virology, 85 11: 5664-5668. doi:10.1128/JVI.00232-11
Virulence determinants between New York 99 and Kunjin strains of West Nile virus
Audsley, Michelle, Edmonds, Judith, Liu, Wenjun, Mokhonov, Vlad, Mokhonova, Ekaterina, Melian, Ezequeil Balmori, Prow, Natalie, Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2011) Virulence determinants between New York 99 and Kunjin strains of West Nile virus. Virology, 414 1: 63-73. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.008
Rattanasena, Paweena, Anraku, Itaru, Gardner, Joy, Le, Thuy T., Wang, Xiang Ju, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Suhrbier, Andreas (2011) Prime-boost vaccinations using recombinant flavivirus replicon and vaccinia virus vaccines: An ELISPOT analysis. Immunology and Cell Biology, 89 3: 426-436. doi:10.1038/icb.2010.99
RNA structures required for production of subgenomic flavivirus RNA
Funk, Anneke, Truong, Katherine, Nagasaki, Tomoko, Torres, Shessy, Floden, Nadia, Balmori Melian, Ezequiel, Edmonds, Judy, Dong, Hongping, Shi, Pei-Yong and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2010) RNA structures required for production of subgenomic flavivirus RNA. Journal of Virology, 84 21: 11407-11417. doi:10.1128/JVI.01159-10
Fros, Jelke J., Liu, Wen Jun, Prow, Natalie A., Geertsema, Corinne, Ligtenberg, Maarten, Vanlandingham, Dana L., Schnettler, Esther, Vlak, Just M., Suhrbier, Andreas, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Pijlman, Gorben P. (2010) Chikungunya virus nonstructural protein 2 inhibits type I/II interferon-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling. Journal of Virology, 84 20: 10877-10887. doi:10.1128/JVI.00949-10
Nanopatch-targeted skin vaccination against West Nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice
Prow, Tarl W., Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Natalie A., Fernando, Germain J. P., Tan, Cindy S. E., Raphael, Anthony P., Chang, David, Ruutu, Merja P., Jenkins, Derek W. K., Pyke, Alyssa, Crichton, Michael L., Raphaelli, Kristin, Goh, Lucas Y. H., Frazer, Ian H., Roberts, Michael S., Gardner, Joy, Khromykh, Alexander A., Suhrbier, Andreas, Hall, Roy A. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010) Nanopatch-targeted skin vaccination against West Nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice. Small, 6 16: 1776-1784. doi:10.1002/smll.201000331
Laurent-Rolle, Maudry, Boer, Elena F., Lubick, Kirk J., Wolfinbarger, James B., Carmody, Aaron B., Rockx, Barry, Liu, Wenjun, Ashour, Joseph, Shupert, W. Lesley, Holbrook, Michael R., Barrett, Alan D., Mason, Peter W., Bloom, Marshall E., Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Best, Sonja M. (2010) The NS5 protein of the virulent West Nile virus NY99 strain is a potent antagonist of type I interferon-mediated JAK-STAT signaling. Journal of Virology, 84 7: 3503-3515. doi:10.1128/JVI.01161-09
Mertens, E, Kajaste-Rudnitski, A, Torres, S, Funk, A, Frenkiel, MP, Iteman, I, Khromykh, AA and Despres, P (2010) Viral determinants in the NS3 helicase and 2K peptide that promote West Nile virus resistance to antiviral action of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1b. Virology, 399 1: 176-185. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.036
Balmori Melian, Ezequiel, Hinzman, Edward, Nagasaki, Tomoko, Firth, Andrew E., Wills, Norma M., Nouwens, Amanda S., Blitvich, Bradley J., Leung, Jason, Funk, Anneke, Atkins, John F., Hall, Roy and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2010) NS1 ' of flaviviruses in the Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup is a product of ribosomal frameshifting and plays a role in viral neuroinvasiveness. Journal of Virology, 84 3: 1641-1647. doi:10.1128/JVI.01979-09
Hall, Roy A., Tan, Si En, Selisko, Barbara, Slade, Rachael, Hobson-Peters, Jody, Canard, Bruno, Hughes, Megan, Leung, Jason Y., Balmori-Melian, Ezequiel, Hall-Mendelin, Sonja, Pham, Kim B., Clark, David C., Prow, Natalie A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2009) Monoclonal antibodies to the West Nile virus NS5 protein map to linear and conformational epitopes in the methyltransferase and polymerase domains. Journal of General Virology, 90 12: 2912-2922. doi:10.1099/vir.0.013805-0
Generating flavivirus vaccine candidates by modulating interferon sensitivity
Funk, Anneke and Khromykh, Alexander (2009) Generating flavivirus vaccine candidates by modulating interferon sensitivity. Expert Review of Vaccines, 8 9: 1157-1160. doi:10.1586/ERV.09.73
West Nile virus: The current climate
Prow, Natalie A., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Hall, Roy A. (2009) West Nile virus: The current climate. Medical Laboratory Observer, 41 4: 10-15.
Hoang-Le, D., Smeenk, L., Anraku, I., Pijlman, G. P., Wang, X. J., De Vrij, J., Liu, W. J., Le, T. T., Schroder, W. A., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Suhrbier, A. (2009) A Kunjin replicon vector encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for intra-tumoral gene therapy. Gene Therapy, 16 2: 190-199. doi:10.1038/gt.2008.169
Pijlman, Gorben P., Funk, Anneke, Kondratieva, Natasha, Leung, Jason, Torres, Shessy, Van der Aa, Lieke, Liu, Wen Jun, Palmenberg, Ann C., Shi, Pei-Yong, Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2008) A highly structured,nuclease-resistant, noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses is required for pathogenicity. Cell Host and Microbe, 4 6: 579-591. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.007
Kunjin replicon-based simian immunodeficiency virus gag vaccines
Anraku, Itaru, Mokhonov, Vladislav V., Rattanasena, Paweena, Mokhonova, Ekaterina I., Leung, Jason, Pijlman, Gorben, Cara, Andrea, Schroder, Wayne A., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Suhrbier, Andreas (2008) Kunjin replicon-based simian immunodeficiency virus gag vaccines. Vaccine, 26 26: 3268-3276. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.001
Role of Nonstructural Protein NS2A in Flavivirus Assembly
Leung, Jason Y., Pijlman, Gorben P., Kondratieva, Natasha, Hyde, Jennifer, Mackenzie, Jason M. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2008) Role of Nonstructural Protein NS2A in Flavivirus Assembly. Journal of Virology, 82 10: 4731-4741. doi:10.1128/JVI.00002-08
Evaluation of recombinant Kunjin replicon SIV vaccines for protective efficacy in macaques
Kent, Stephen J., De Rose, Robert, Mokhonov, Vlad V., Mokhonova, Ekaterina I., Fernandez, Caroline S., Alcantara, Sheilajen, Rollman, Erik, Mason, Rosemarie D., Loh, Liyen, Peut, Viv, Reece, Jeanette C., Wang, Xiang Ju, Wilson, Kim M., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander (2008) Evaluation of recombinant Kunjin replicon SIV vaccines for protective efficacy in macaques. Virology, 374 2: 528-534. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.006
Single-round infectious particles enhance immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against West Nile virus
Chang, David C., Liu, Wen J., Anraku, Itaru, Clark, David C., Pollitt, Christopher C., Suhrbier, Andreas, Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2008) Single-round infectious particles enhance immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against West Nile virus. Nature Biotechnology, 26 5: 571-577. doi:10.1038/nbt1400
Drug evaluation: ChimeriVax-West Nile vaccine
Hall, RA and Khromykh, AA (2007) Drug evaluation: ChimeriVax-West Nile vaccine. Current Opinion In Molecular Therapeutics, 9 5: 498-504.
Cholesterol Manipulation by West Nile Virus Perturbs the Cellular Immune Response
Mackenzie, Jason M., Khromykh, Alexander and Parton, Robert G. (2007) Cholesterol Manipulation by West Nile Virus Perturbs the Cellular Immune Response. Cell Host and Microbe, 2 4: 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.09.003
Pugachev, KV, Schwaiger, J, Brown, N, Zhang, ZX, Catalan, J, Mitchell, FS, Ocran, SW, Rumyantsev, AA, Khromykh, AA, Monath, TP and Guirakhoo, F (2007) Construction and biological characterization of artificial recombinants between a wild type flavivirus (Kunjin) and a live chimeric flavivirus vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE). Vaccine, 25 37-38: 6661-6671. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.016
Hoenen, A., Liu, W., Kochs, G., Khromykh, A. and Mackenzie, J. (2007) West Nile virus-induced cytoplasmic membrane structures provide partial protection against the interferon-induced antiviral MxA protein. Journal of General Virology, 88 11: 3013-3017. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83125-0
Mastrangelo, E, Milani, M, Bollati, M, Selisko, B, Peyrane, F, Pandini, V, Sorrentino, G, Canard, B, Konarev, PV, Svergun, DI, de Lamballerie, X, Coutard, B, Khromykh, AA and Bolognesi, M (2007) Crystal structure and activity of Kunjin virus NS3 helicase; Protease and helicase domain assembly in the full length NS3 protein. Journal of Molecular Biology, 372 2: 444-455. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.055
Crystal structure of the RNA polymerase domain of the West Nile Virus non-structural protein 5
Malet, H., Egloff, M., Selisko, B., Butcher, R., Wright, P., Roberts, M., Gruez, A., Sulzenbacher, G., Vonrhein, C., Bricogne, G., Mackenzie, J., Khromykh, A., Davidson, A. and Canard, B. (2007) Crystal structure of the RNA polymerase domain of the West Nile Virus non-structural protein 5. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282 14: 10678-10689. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607273200
Pyankov, O. V., Agranovski, I. E., Pyankova, O., Mokhonova, E., Mokhonov, V., Safatov, A. S. and Khromykh, A. A. (2007) Using a bioaerosol personal sampler in combination with real-time PCR analysis for rapid detection of airborne viruses. Environmental Microbiology, 9 4: 992-1000. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01226.x
Pijlman, Gorben P., Kondratieva, Natasha and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2006) Translation of the flavivirus Kunjin NS3 gene in cis but not its RNA sequence or secondary structure is essential for efficient RNA packaging. Journal of Virology, 80 22: 11255-11264. doi:10.1128/JVI.01559-06
Ebola virus glycoprotein GP is not cytotoxic when expressed constitutively at a moderate level
Alazard-Dany, N., Volchkova, V., Reynard, O., Carbonnelle, C., Dolnik, O., Ottmann, M., Khromykh, A. and Volchkov, V. E. (2006) Ebola virus glycoprotein GP is not cytotoxic when expressed constitutively at a moderate level. Journal of General Virology, 87 5: 1247-1257. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81361-0
Roosendaal, Jojanneke, Westaway, Edwin G., Khromykh, Alexander and Mackenzie, Jason M. (2006) Regulated Cleavages at the West Nile Virus NS4A-2K-NS4B Junctions Play a Major Role in Rearranging Cytoplasmic Membranes and Golgi Trafficking of the NS4A Protein. Journal of Virology, 80 9: 4623-4632. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4623-4632.2006
Liu, Wen Jun, Wang, Xiang Ju, Clark, David C., Lobigs, Mario, Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2006) A single amino acid substitution in the west nile virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit alpha/beta interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice. Journal of Virology, 80 5: 2396-2404. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2396-2404.2006
Pijlman, Gorben P., Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2006) Kunjin virus replicons: an RNA-based, non-cytopathic viral vector system for protein production, vaccine and gene therapy applications. Expert Opinion On Biological Therapy, 6 2: 135-145. doi:10.1517/14712598.6.2.135
Comparative mechanistic studies of de novo RNA synthesis by flavivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
Selisko, B., Dutartre, H., Guillemot, J. C., Debarnot, C., Benarroch, D., Khromykh, A., Despres, P., Egloff, M. P. and Canard, B. (2006) Comparative mechanistic studies of de novo RNA synthesis by flavivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Virology, 351 1: 145-158. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.026
Preliminary crystallographic characterization of an RNA helicase from Kunjin virus
Mastrangelo, Eloise, Bollati, Michela, Milani, Mario, Brisbarre, Nadege, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Coutard, Bruno, Canard, Bruno, Khromykh, Alexander and Bolognesi, Martino (2006) Preliminary crystallographic characterization of an RNA helicase from Kunjin virus. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications, 62 9: 876-879. doi:10.1107/S1744309106028776
Liu, Wen Jun, Wang, Xiang Ju, Mokhonov, Vladislav V., Shi, Pei-Yong, Randall, Richard and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2005) Inhibition of interferon signaling by the New York 99 strain and Kunjin subtype of West Nile virus involves blockage of STAT1 and STAT2 activation by nonstructural proteins. Journal of Virology, 79 3: 1934-1942. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1934-1942.2005
Tannis, Laura Lee, Gauthier, Andree, Evelegh, Carole, Parsons, Robin, Nyholt, Dana, Khromykh, Alexander and Brarnson, Jonathan L. (2005) Semliki Forest virus and Kunjin virus RNA replicons elicit comparable cellular immunity but distinct humoral immunity. Vaccine, 23 33: 4189-4194. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.005
Liu, Wen Jun, Chen, Hua Bo, Xiang, Ju Wang, Huang, Hester and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2004) Analysis of adaptive mutations in Kunjin virus replicon RNA reveals a novel role for the flavivirus nonstructural protein NS2A in inhibition of beta interferon promoter-driven transcription. Journal of Virology, 78 22: 12225-12235. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.22.12225-12235.2004
Hall, Roy A. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2004) West Nile virus vaccines. Expert Opinion On Biological Therapy, 4 8: 1295-1305. doi:10.1517/14712598.4.8.1295
Herd, Karen A., Harvey, Tracey, Khromykh, Alexander A. and Tindle, Robert W. (2004) Recombinant Kunjin virus replicon vaccines induce protective T-cell immunity against human papillomavirus 16 E7-expressing tumour. Virology, 319 2: 237-248. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.032
Tetracycline-Inducible packaging cell line for production of Flavivirus replicon particles.
Harvey, Tracey, Liu, Wen Jun, Wang, Xiang Ju, Linedale,Richard, Jacobs,Michael, Davidson, Andrew, Le,Thuy T. T., Anraku,Itaru, Suhrbier,Andreas, Pei-Yong, Shi and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2004) Tetracycline-Inducible packaging cell line for production of Flavivirus replicon particles.. Journal of Virology, 78 1: 531-538. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.1.531-538.2004
West nile virus core protein: Tetramer structure and ribbon formation
Dokland, T., Walsh, M., Mackenzie, J. M., Khromykh, A. A., Ee, K. H. and Wang, S. F. (2004) West nile virus core protein: Tetramer structure and ribbon formation. Structure, 12 7: 1157-1163. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.04.024
Significance in replication of the terminal nucleotides of the Flavivirus genome
Khromykh, Alexander A., Kondratieva, Natasha, Sgro, Jean-Yves, Palmenberg, Ann and Westaway, Edwin G. (2003) Significance in replication of the terminal nucleotides of the Flavivirus genome. Journal of Virology, 77 19: 10623-10629. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.19.10623-10629.2003
Kunjin virus replicon vectors for human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development
Tracey Harvey, Anraku, Itaru, Linedale, Richard, Harrich, David, Mackenzie, Jason, Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2003) Kunjin virus replicon vectors for human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development. Journal of Virology, 77 14: 7796-7803. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.14.7796-7803.2003
Liu, Wen Jun, Chen, Hua Bo and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2003) Molecular and functional analyses of Kunjin virus infectious cDNA clones demonstrate the essential roles for NS2A in virus assembly and for a nonconservative residue in NS3 in RNA replication. Journal of Virology, 77 14: 7804-7813. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.14.7804-7813.2003
Generation of CTL responses using Kunjin replicon RNA
Ward, Scott M., Tindle, Robert W., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Gowans, Eric J. (2003) Generation of CTL responses using Kunjin replicon RNA. Immunology And Cell Biology, 81 1: 73-78. doi:10.1046/j.0818-9641.2002.01137.x
Hall, R. A., Nisbet, D. J., Pham, K.B., Pyke, A. T., Smith, G. A. and Khromykh, A. (2003) DNA vaccine coding for the full-length infectious Kunjin virus RNA protects mice against the New York strain of West Nile virus. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 100 18: 10460-10464. doi:10.1073/pnas.1834270100
Liu, Wen Jun, Sedlak, Petra L., Kondratieva, Natasha and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2002) Complementation analysis of the flavivirus Kunjin NS3 and NS5 proteins defines the minimal regions essential for formation of a replication complex and shows a requirement of NS3 in cis for virus assembly. Journal of Virology, 76 21: 10766-10775. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.21.10766-10775.2002
Kunjin virus replicon vaccine vectors induce protective CD8(+) T-cell immunity
Anraku, Itaru, Harvey, Tracey J., Linedale, Richard, Gardner, Joy, Harrich, David, Suhrbier, Andreas and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2002) Kunjin virus replicon vaccine vectors induce protective CD8(+) T-cell immunity. Journal of Virology, 76 8: 3791-3799. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.8.3791-3799.2002
Biological significance of glycosylation of the envelope protein of Kunjin virus
Scherret, J., Mackenzie, J. S., Khromykh, A. and Hall, R. A. (2001) Biological significance of glycosylation of the envelope protein of Kunjin virus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 951 West Nile Virus: Detection, Surveillance, And Control: 361-363. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02719.x
Essential role of cyclization sequences in Flavivirus RNA replication
Khromykh, Alexander A., Meka, Hedije, Guyatt, Kimberley J. and Westaway, Edwin G. (2001) Essential role of cyclization sequences in Flavivirus RNA replication. Journal of Virology, 75 14: 6719-6728. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.14.6719-6728.2001
Khromykh, Alexander A., Varnavski, Andrei N., Sedlak, Petra L. and Westaway, Edwin G. (2001) Coupling between replication and packaging of flavivirus RNA: Evidence derived from the use of DNA-based full-length cDNA clones of kunjin virus. Journal of Virology, 75 10: 4633-4640. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.10.4633-4640.2001
Guyatt, K. J., Westaway, E. G. and Khromykh, A. A. (2001) Expression and purification of enzymatically active recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5) of the flavivirus Kunjin. Journal of Virological Methods, 92 1: 37-44. doi:10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00270-6
Mackenzie, Jason M., Khromykh, Alexander A. and Westaway, Edwin G. (2001) Stable expression of noncytopathic Kunjin replicons simulates both ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics observed during replication of Kunjin virus. Virology, 279 1: 161-172. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0691
Replicon-based vectors of positive strand RNA viruses.
Khromykh, A. A. (2000) Replicon-based vectors of positive strand RNA viruses.. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, 2 5: 555-569.
Varnavski, Andrei N., Young, Paul R. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (2000) Stable High-Level Expression of Heterologous Genes In Vitro and In Vivo by Noncytopathic DNA-Based Kunjin Virus Repicon Vectors. Journal of Virology, 74 9: 4394-4403. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.9.4394-4403.2000
cis- and trans- Acting Elements in Flavivirus RNA Replication
Khromykh, Alexander A., Sedlak, Petra L. and Westaway, Edwin G. (2000) cis- and trans- Acting Elements in Flavivirus RNA Replication. Journal of Virology, 74 7: 3253-3263. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.7.3253-3263.2000
Khromykh, Alexander A., Sedlak, Petra L., Guyatt, Kimberley J., Hall, Roy A. and Westaway, Edwin G. (1999) Efficient trans-complementation of the flavivirus kunjin NS5 protein but not of the NS1 protein requires its coexpression with other components of the viral replicase. Journal of Virology, 73 12: 10272-10280.
Khromykh, Alexander A., Sedlak, Petra L. and Westaway, Edwin G. (1999) trans-complementation analysis of the flavivirus Kunjin ns5 gene reveals an essential role for translation of its N-terminal half in RNA replication. Journal of Virology, 73 11: 9247-9255.
Nascent flavivirus RNA colocalized in situ with double-stranded RNA in stable replication complexes
Westaway, EG, Khromykh, AA and Mackenzie, JM (1999) Nascent flavivirus RNA colocalized in situ with double-stranded RNA in stable replication complexes. Virology, 258 1: 108-117. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9683
Noncytopathic flavivirus replicon RNA-based system for expression and delivery of heterologous genes
Varnavski, AN and Khromykh, AA (1999) Noncytopathic flavivirus replicon RNA-based system for expression and delivery of heterologous genes. Virology, 255 2: 366-375. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9564
Hall, R. A., Khromykh, A. A., Mackenzie, J. M., Scherret, J., Khromykh, T. and Mackenzie, J. S. (1999) Loss of dimerisation of the nonstructural protein NS1 of Kunjin virus delays viral replication and reduces virulence in mice, but still allows secretion of NS1. Virology, 264 1: 66-75. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9956
Khromykh, Alexander A., Kenney, Mark T. and Westaway, Edwin G. (1998) trans-complementation of flavivirus RNA polymerase gene NS5 by using kunjin virus replicon-expressing BHK cells. Journal of Virology, 72 9: 7270-7279.
Khromykh, Alexander A., Varnavski, Andrei N. and Westaway, Edwin G. (1998) Encapsidation of the flavivirus kunjin replicon RNA by using a complementation system providing kunjin virus structural proteins in trans. Journal of Virology, 72 7: 5967-5977.
Mackenzie, JM, Khromykh, AA, Jones, MK and Westaway, EG (1998) Subcellular localization and some biochemical properties of the flavivirus Kunjin nonstructural proteins NS2A and NS4A. Virology, 245 2: 203-215. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9156
Cloning and expression of the ataxia-telangiectasia gene in baculovirus
Scott, SP, Zhang, N, Khanna, KK, Khromykh, A, Hobson, K, Watters, D and Lavin, MF (1998) Cloning and expression of the ataxia-telangiectasia gene in baculovirus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 245 1: 144-148. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8137
Westaway, Edwin G., MacKenzie, Jason M., Kenney, Mark T., Jones, Malcolm K. and Khromykh, Alexander A. (1997) Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: Colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. Journal of Virology, 71 9: 6650-6661.
Proteins C and NS4B of the flavivirus Kunjin translocate independently into the nucleus
Westaway, EG, Khromykh, AA, Kenney, MT, Mackenzie, JM and Jones, MK (1997) Proteins C and NS4B of the flavivirus Kunjin translocate independently into the nucleus. Virology, 234 1: 31-41. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8629
Subgenomic replicons of the flavivirus Kunjin: construction and applications
Khromykh, A. A. and Westaway, E. G. (1997) Subgenomic replicons of the flavivirus Kunjin: construction and applications. Journal of Virology, 71 2: 1497-1505.
Khromykh, A. A., Harvey, T. J., Abedinia, M. and Westaway, E. G. (1996) Expression and purification of all seven nonstructural proteins of the flavivirus Kunjin in the E.coli and the baculovirus systems. Journal of Virological Methods, 61 1-2: 47-58. doi:10.1016/0166-0934(96)02068-X
RNA binding properties of core protein of the flavivirus Kunjin
Khromykh, AA and Westaway, EG (1996) RNA binding properties of core protein of the flavivirus Kunjin. Archives of Virology, 141 3-4: 685-699. doi:10.1007/BF01718326
Khromykh, A. A., Meka, H. and Westaway, E. G. (1995) Preparation of recombinant baculovirus by transfection of a ligated cDNA fragment without prior plasmid amplification in E. coli. BioTechniques, 19 3: 356-358+360.
Khromykh, A. A. and Westaway, E. G. (1994) Completion of Kunjin virus RNA sequence and recovery of an infectious RNA transcribed from stably cloned full-length cDNA. Journal of Virology, 68 7: 4580-4588.
Khromykh, A. A., Beliaev, A. S., Rukavishnikov, M. I., Daniliuk, N. K. and Sandakhchiev, L. S. (1990) Expression of antigens of the tick-borne encephalitis virus by various recombinant variants of the vaccinia virus Ekspressiia antigenov virusa kleshchevogo éntsefalita razlichnymi rekombinantnymi variantami virusa ospovaktsiny. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 310 4: 996-999.
Liebscher, Susan, Chappell, K. J., Stoermer, Martin J., Watterson, Daniel, Webb, Richard I., Khromykh, Alexander A., Fairlie, David P. and Young, Paul R. (2010). Sneaking up on West Nile Virus NS2B/NS3 protease subcellular activity utilising dye-quenched substrates. In: PlusStrand 2010: The Ninth International Symposium on Positive-Strand RNA Viruses, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A., (88-88). 17-21 May 2010.
Evasion of host innate immune response by West Nile virus.
Khromykh, A. (2009). Evasion of host innate immune response by West Nile virus.. In: TLROZ 2009: Patterns Recognition Receptors in Health and Disease, Surfers Paradise, Australia, (). 28-30 October 2009.
Flavivirus subgenomic non-coding RNA is required to overcome the host innate immune response
Funk, A., Torres, S., Edmonds, J., Pijlman, G., Hall, R., Lobigs, M., Kumagai, Y., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S. and Khromykh, A. (2009). Flavivirus subgenomic non-coding RNA is required to overcome the host innate immune response. In: 5th Australian Virology Group Meeting, Lorne, Australia, (). 13-17 December 2009.
Molecular basis for the resistance of West Nile virus to antiviral activity of Oas1b
Martens, E., Iteman, I., Frenkiel, M.-P., Simon-Chazottes, D., Funk, A., Khromykh, A. and Kajaste-Rudnitski, P. (2009). Molecular basis for the resistance of West Nile virus to antiviral activity of Oas1b. In: 28th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology, Vancouver, Canada, (). 11-15 July 2009.
The role of flavivirus subgenomic non-coding RNA in overcoming host innate immune response
Funk, A., Torres, S., Truong, K., Edmonds, J., Pijlman, G., Hall, R., Lobigs, M., Kumagai, Y., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S. and Khromykh, A. (2009). The role of flavivirus subgenomic non-coding RNA in overcoming host innate immune response. In: TLROZ 2009: Patterns Recognition Receptors in Health and Disease, Gold Coast , Australia, (). 28-30 October 2009.
Truong, K., Funk, A., Torres, S. and Khromykh, A. (2009). The role of pseudoknot interactions in stabilizing flavivirus RNA structure and generation of nuclease resistant flavivirus RNA.. In: 5th Australian Virology Group Meeting, Lorne, Australia, (). 13-17 December 2009.
The role of small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus replication and pathogenicity.
Khromykh, A. (2009). The role of small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus replication and pathogenicity.. In: NITD Conference on Dengue, Manila, Philippines, (). 31 Aug - 4 Sept 2009.
The role of subgenomic non-coding RNA in flavivirus-host interactions and viral pathogenicity
Khromykh, A., Funk, A., Torres, S., Edmonds, J., Pijlman, G., Hall, R., Lobigs, M., Kumagai, Y., Takeuchi, O. and Akira, S. (2009). The role of subgenomic non-coding RNA in flavivirus-host interactions and viral pathogenicity. In: 28th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology, Vancouver, Canada, (). 11-15 July 2009.
Flavivirus replication and cellular RNA decay machinery
Khromykh, A.A. (2008). Flavivirus replication and cellular RNA decay machinery. In: 3rd AREVA-Pasteur Forum "Mosquito- and tick-borne viruses and their environment, Shanghai, China, (). 12-14 June, 2008.
Flavivirus subgenomic RNA generated by the mRNA decay machinery supports efficient virus replication
Pijlman, G.P., Funk, A., Kondratieva, N., Leung, J., Van der Aa, L., Liu, W., Palmenberg, , A.C., Hall, R.A. and Khromykh, A. (2008). Flavivirus subgenomic RNA generated by the mRNA decay machinery supports efficient virus replication. In: American Society for Virology Annual Meeting, Ithaca, USA, (). 12-16 July, 2008.
Pijlman, G.P., Funk, A., Kondratieva, N., Leung, J., Van der Aa, L., Liu, W., Palmenberg, A.C., Hall, R.A. and Khromykh, A.A. (2008). Flaviviruses employ cellular mRNA decay machinery to generate subgenomic non-coding RNA required for pathogenicity. In: International Congress of Virology, Istanbul, Turkey, (). 10-15 Aug, 2008.
Funk, A., Pijlman, G.P., Kondratieva, N., Leung, J., Van der Aa, L., Liu, W., Palmenberg, A.C., Shi, P.-Y., Hall, R.A. and Khromykh, A. (2008). Flaviviruses employ cellular mRNA decay machinery to generate subgenomic non-coding RNA required for pathogenicity. In: Arbovirus Research in Australia Meeting, Coffs Harbour, Australia, (). 15-19 Sept, 2008.
The role of small non-coding RNAs in flavivirus replication and pathogenicity
Pijlman, G.P., Funk, A., Kondratieva, N., Leung, J., Van der Aa, L., Liu, W., Palmenberg, A.C., Hall, R.A. and Khromykh, A.A. (2008). The role of small non-coding RNAs in flavivirus replication and pathogenicity. In: Society for General Microbiology Meeting, Edinburgh, Scotland, (). 31 Mar - 3 Apr, 2008.
Cholesterol is good, just ask the flaviviruses
Mackenzie, J M, Khromykh, A and Parton, R G (2006). Cholesterol is good, just ask the flaviviruses. In: Annual Scientific Meeting & Exhibition - Aust Society for Microbiology. Annual Scientific Meeting & Exhibition - Aust Society for Micry, Gold Coast, (Abstract). 2-6 July, 2006.
Flavivirus replication and virus-host interactions
Khromykh, A (2006). Flavivirus replication and virus-host interactions. In: Annual Scientific Meeting & Exhibition - Aust Society for Microbiology. Annual Scientific Meeting & Exhibition - Aust Society for Micr, Gold Coast, (Abstract). 2-6 July, 2006.
Mackenzie, J M, Liu, W, Parton, R G and Khromykh, A (2006). Inhibition of interferon signaling in flavivirus-infected cells is associated with virus-induced cholesterol re-distribution. In: 13th International Mtg on Hepatitis C Virus & Related Viruses. 13th International Mtg on Hepatitis C Virus & Related Viruses, Cairns, (Abstract). 27-31 Aug, 2006.
Kunjin replicon vectors for HIV/SIV vaccine development
Anraku, I., Mokhonova, V., Rattanasena, P., Pijlman, G P, Suhrbier, A and Khromykh, A (2006). Kunjin replicon vectors for HIV/SIV vaccine development. In: Aust Centre for HIV & Hepatitis Virology Research. Aust Centre for HIV & Hepatitis Virology Research, Lorne, (Abstract). 8-11 Oct, 2006.
Modulation of interferon response by West Nile
Khromykh, A, Liu, W, Wang,, Clark, D. C. J. and Hall, R A (2006). Modulation of interferon response by West Nile. In: Keystone Symposia. Keystone Symposia, Keystone, Colorado, (Abstract). 6-11 Jan, 2006.
A bigmac a day keeps the flavivirus away
Mackenzie, J. M., Khromykh, A. and Parton, R. G. (2005). A bigmac a day keeps the flavivirus away. In: 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting. 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting, Phillip Is, (31-31). 9-12 Dec, 2005.
Liu, W., Wang, D.Z., Clark, M., Lobigs, M. and Khromykh, A. (2005). A single amino acid in the West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit interferon alpha/beta induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice. In: 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting. 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting, Phillip Is, (31-31). 9-12 Dec, 2005.
Kunjin (West Nile) virus-based vaccines
Khromykh, A. (2005). Kunjin (West Nile) virus-based vaccines. In: Novel vaccines against infectious diseases - Developed countries meet developing countries. Novel Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases, Semmering, Austria, (Abstract). 14-17 April, 2005.
Requirement of flavivirus Kunjin NS3 translation in cis for packaging of viral RNA
Pijlman, G. P. and Khromykh, A. (2005). Requirement of flavivirus Kunjin NS3 translation in cis for packaging of viral RNA. In: 24th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology. 24th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology, Pennsylvania, (136-136). 18-22 June, 2005.
The role of the nonstructural protein NS2A in flavivirus assembly
Leung, J, Mackenzie, J. M., Khromykh, A. and Pijlman, G. P. (2005). The role of the nonstructural protein NS2A in flavivirus assembly. In: 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting. 3rd Australian Virology Group Meeting, Phillip Is, (35-35). 9-12 Dec, 2005.
West Nile manipulates cholesterol balance affecting the lipid raft formation and function
Mackenzie, J. M., Khromykh, A. and Parton, R. G. (2005). West Nile manipulates cholesterol balance affecting the lipid raft formation and function. In: 24th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology. 24th Annual Meeting of American Society for Virology, Pennsylvania, (176-176). 18-22 June, 2005.
Identification of a region of the flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) involved in dimerization
Clark, D. C., Khromykh, A. A., Mackenzie, J. S. and Hall, R. A. (2001). Identification of a region of the flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) involved in dimerization. In: 1st Australian Virology Group Meeting. 1st Australian Virology Group Meeting, Fraser Island, (P1.39-P1.39). December, 2001.
Cartwright, L., Hall, R. A., Khromykh, A., Poidinger, M. and Mackenzie, J. S. (2001). The role of conserved RNA structures in the untranslated regions of the flavivirus genome in viral replication. In: Programme and abstracts, 8th Arbovirus Research in Australia Conference. 8th Arbovirus Research Symposium, Couran Cove, Qld, (36 (Abstract)). 3-7 July, 2000.
Investigation of the structure and function of the flavivirus non-coding regions
Cartwright, L., Hall, R. A., Khromykh, A. A., Mackenzie, J. S. and Poidinger, M. (1999). Investigation of the structure and function of the flavivirus non-coding regions. In: Abstract Book, 11th International Congress of Virology. 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, (251). 9-13 August 1999.
Hall, R. A., Khromykh, A. A., Poidinger, M., Scherret, J., Mackenzie, J. M., MacKenzie, J. S. and Khromykh, T. (1999). Loss of dimerisation of the NS1 protein of Kunjin virus slows replication in cell culture and reduces virulence in mice. In: Abstract Book, 11th International Congress of Virology. 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, (121). 9-13 August 1999.
The effect of glycoslation of the envelope protein in Kujin replication and pathogenesis
Scherret, J., Khromykh, A. A., Calvert, A. E., Mackenzie, J. S. and Hall, R. A. (1999). The effect of glycoslation of the envelope protein in Kujin replication and pathogenesis. In: Abstract Book, 11th International Congress of Virology. 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, (252). 9-13 August 1999.
Dmitriev, IP, Khromykh, AA, Ignatyev, GM, Gainullina, MN, Ageenko, VA, Dryga, SA, Vorobyeva, MS and Sandakhchiev, LS (1996). Immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing structural and part of the nonstructural region of tick-borne encephalitis virus cDNA protect mice against lethal encephalitis. In: Symposium on New Approaches to Vaccine Development (NAVD 95), Vienna Austria, (97-103). Apr 11-14, 1995. doi:10.1016/0168-1656(95)00141-7
Noncoding RNAs of insect-specific flaviviruses: biogenesis and functions
(2019–2021) ARC Discovery Projects
Viral and host factors determining outcome of Zika virus infection
(2018–2021) NHMRC Project Grant
(2018–2020) NHMRC Project Grant
(2018) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
The role of non-coding viral RNAs in flavivirus infection and exosomal signalling
(2017–2019) NHMRC Project Grant
(2016–2018) NHMRC Project Grant
Instrumentation for the analysis of cellular and metabolic phenotypes
(2016) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
(2015) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
(2014–2019) NHMRC Research Fellowship
Wolbachia and West Nile virus in mosquitoes: friends or foes?
(2014–2016) NHMRC Project Grant
(2014) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
Molecular pathogenesis of emerging West Nile viruses
(2013–2015) NHMRC Project Grant
The role of noncoding subgenomic flavivirus RNA in virus-host interactions
(2013–2015) NHMRC Project Grant
Kunjin virus replicon vector plasmid evaluation
(2013–2014) UniQuest Pty Ltd
(2012–2015) ARC Linkage Projects
Do insect-specific flaviviruses regulate the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in Australia?
(2012–2014) ARC Discovery Projects
Role of flavivirus-encoded small regulatory RNAs in virus-mosquito vector interactions
(2012–2014) NHMRC Project Grant
Regulatory cellular microRNAs and their role in insect anti-viral responses
(2011–2013) ARC Discovery Projects
Viral factors contributing to flavivirus-induced cell death and pathogenicity
(2011–2013) NHMRC Project Grant
Cell culture facilities for studying host-pathogen interactions and immune function
(2011) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
Mass spectrometer for biomolecule discovery, structural analysis and quantification.
(2011) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
(2010–2013) Queensland Institute of Medical Research
The role of subgenomic non-coding viral RNA in flavivirus pathogenicity
(2010–2013) NHMRC Project Grant
(2010–2012) NHMRC Project Grant
An integrated high -throughput fluorescence imaging facility
(2010) UQ Major Equipment and Infrastructure
NHMRC Research Fellowship (SRFA): Flavivirus replication
(2009–2013) NHMRC Research Fellowship
Detection of imported exotic strains of West Nile virus for national biosecurity surveillance.
(2009–2012) ARC Discovery Projects
(2009–2011) Griffith University
Role of cellular lipids in flavivirus replication
(2008–2010) NHMRC Project Grant
West Nile virus replication and host response
(2008–2010) NHMRC Project Grant
Molecular Epidemiology and pathogenesis of mosquito-borne viruses
(2008) NHMRC Equipment Grant
Viral factors involved in flavivirus replication and virus-host interactions
(2007–2010) NHMRC Project Grant
Virulence determinants of encephalitic flaviviruses
(2007–2010) NHMRC Project Grant
(2007–2009) Griffith University
Inhibitors Of West Nile Virus Protease As Antiviral Drugs
(2007–2009) NHMRC Project Grant
Development of technique for rapid detection of pathogenic ariborne particles (PR06-0054)
(2007–2008) Griffith University
Attenuated West Nile virus vaccine
(2005–2010) United States of America National Institutes of Health
Cellular microenvironments facilitating the replication and propagation of flaviviruses
(2005–2008) NHMRC Project Grant
How do flaviviruses modulate interferon response
(2005–2008) NHMRC Project Grant
NHMRC_Equipment Grant = Three Class II Biohazard cabinets and one -86OC Freezer
(2005) NHMRC Equipment Grant
The West Nile viral protease NS3: a target for antiviral drug and vaccine design
(2005) NHMRC Project Grant
NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship
(2004–2008) NHMRC Research Fellowship
Flavivirus RNA replication and virus assembly
(2004–2007) NHMRC Project Grant
A Hybrid Fowlpox-Kunjin virus vector for the delivery of HIV/AIDS vaccines
(2004–2005) CSIRO
Induction of protective immune responses to SIV Gag by Kunjin replicon vaccine in non-human primates
(2004–2005) University of Melbourne
Development of Kunjin replicon-based Ebola vaccine
(2003–2007) United States of America National Institutes of Health
Development of a personal sampler for viable airborne bacteria, fungi and virus
(2003–2006) Griffith University
New system for gene therapy and protein production
(2003–2005) Queensland Institute of Medical Research
Novel polytope VLP vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children
(2003–2004) Royal Children's Hospital Foundation
Molecular analyses of Favivirus RNA Replication, Packaging and Complementation
(2001–2003) NHMRC Project Grant
Kunjin virus replicon as a vector for HIV vaccine
(2000–2003) United States of America National Institutes of Health
Flavivirus replication - Biogenesis, ultrastructure and functions of induced membranes.
(2000–2002) NHMRC Project Grant
Characterisation of the Flaviviral Non-Structural Protein NS1'
(2015) Doctor Philosophy — Principal Advisor
Second Generation Single-Round Infectious Particle (SRIP)-Producing Flavivirus Vaccine
(2014) Doctor Philosophy — Principal Advisor
Other advisors:
West Nile Virus Vaccine Development
(2011) Doctor Philosophy — Principal Advisor
Other advisors:
Role of nonstructural protein NS2A in Flavivirus assembly and secretion
(2010) Doctor Philosophy — Principal Advisor
INFECTION OF HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS WITH KUNJIN VIRUS IN VITRO
(2005) Master Philosophy — Principal Advisor
(2013) Doctor Philosophy — Joint Principal Advisor
Other advisors:
Molecular Mechanisms of Evolutionary Adaption in Insect-specific Flaviviruses
(2018) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Other advisors:
The role of the type I interferon in the immunobiology of chikungunya virus.
(2015) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Understanding immunobiology of chikungunya virus disease using mouse models
(2014) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Stalking the West Nile Virus NS2B/NS3 protease as a target for infection control and as a key player in virus factories
(2013) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Other advisors:
Characterisation Of Intracellular Replication and Pathogenesis of Murine Norovirus 1
(2011) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
(2009) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Characterisation of Kunjin Replicon Vaccines
(2008) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
INDUCTION OF LONG LASTING PROTECTIVE CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES BY KUNJIN REPLICON-BASED VACCINE VECTORS
(2005) Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor