The University of Queensland

Computed tomography brain scan utilization in patients with headache presenting to emergency departments: a multinational study

Chu, Kevin, Kelly, Anne-Maree, Keijzers, Gerben, Kinnear, Frances, Kuan, Win Sen, Graham, Colin, Laribi, Said, Roberts, Tom, Karamercan, Mehmet, Cardozo-Ocampo, Alejandro, Kamona, Sinan, Body, Richard, Horner, Daniel, Klim, Sharon, Brown, Nathan, Wijeratnet, Tissa and on behalf of the HEAD study investigators (2023). Computed tomography brain scan utilization in patients with headache presenting to emergency departments: a multinational study. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 30 (5), 356-364. doi: 10.1097/mej.0000000000001055

Determinants of fatigue in emergency department clinicians who wear personal protective equipment

Bodnar, Daniel, Brown, Nathan J., Mitchell, Gary, Hughes, James A., Lourensen, Darren, Hawkins, Tracey and Chu, Kevin (2023). Determinants of fatigue in emergency department clinicians who wear personal protective equipment. Emergency Medicine Australasia. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14291

Clinical characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander emergency department patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome

Stephensen, Laura, Greenslade, Jaimi, Starmer, Katrina, Starmer, Greg, Stone, Richard, Bonnin, Robert, Brazzale, Anthony, Drahm‐Butler, Tileah, Campbell, Virginia, Davis, Tania, Mowatt, Elizabeth, Brown, Nathan, Proctor, Karlie, Ashover, Sarah, Milburn, Tanya, McCormack, Louise, Graves, Nicholas, Gatton, Michelle, Mahoney, Ray, Parsonage, William and Cullen, Louise (2023). Clinical characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander emergency department patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 35 (3), 442-449. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14138

Identifying patients presenting in pain to the adult emergency department: a binary classification task and description of prevalence

Hughes, James A, Douglas, Clint, Jones, Lee, Brown, Nathan J., Nguyen, Anthony, Jarugula, Rajeev, Lyrstedt, Anna-Lisa, Hazelwood, Sarah, Wu, Yutong and Chu, Kevin (2023). Identifying patients presenting in pain to the adult emergency department: a binary classification task and description of prevalence. International Emergency Nursing, 68 101272, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101272

PREdiction and Diagnosis using Imaging and Clinical biomarkers Trial in Traumatic Brain Injury (PREDICT-TBI) study protocol: an observational, prospective, multicentre cohort study for the prediction of outcome in moderate-to-severe TBI

Nasrallah, Fatima, Bellapart, Judith, Walsham, James, Jacobson, Esther, To, Xuan Vinh, Manzanero, Silvia, Brown, Nathan, Meyer, Jason, Stuart, Janine, Evans, Tracey, Chandra, Shekhar S., Ross, Jason, Campbell, Lewis, Senthuran, Siva, Newcombe, Virginia, McCullough, James, Fleming, Jennifer, Pollard, Clifford and Reade, Michael (2023). PREdiction and Diagnosis using Imaging and Clinical biomarkers Trial in Traumatic Brain Injury (PREDICT-TBI) study protocol: an observational, prospective, multicentre cohort study for the prediction of outcome in moderate-to-severe TBI. BMJ Open, 13 (4) e067740, 1-9. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067740

Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on emergency department patient volume and flow: two countries, two hospitals

Del Mar, Peter, Kim, Min Joung, Brown, Nathan J., Park, Joon Min, Chu, Kevin and Burke, John (2023). Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on emergency department patient volume and flow: two countries, two hospitals. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 35 (1), 97-104. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14077

Plain x‐ray misses many ureteric calculi: Time to challenge the old dogma?

McGeorge, Stephen, Loh, Brendon, Shibu, Ryan, Dobeli, Karen, Brown, Nathan J., Esler, Rachel, Hacking, Craig, Purvey, Megan and Roberts, Matthew J. (2023). Plain x‐ray misses many ureteric calculi: Time to challenge the old dogma?. BJUI Compass, 4 (1), 59-61. doi: 10.1002/bco2.192

The profile, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of alcohol- and non-alcohol-related patient presentations to Queensland emergency departments: a multi-site observational study

Crilly, Julia, East, Katie, Brown, Josea, Zhang, Ping, Byrnes, Josh, Furyk, Jeremy, Duncan, Jill, Jones, Leonie, Brown, Nathan J., Green, David, Rothwell, Sean and Rosengren, David (2022). The profile, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of alcohol- and non-alcohol-related patient presentations to Queensland emergency departments: a multi-site observational study. Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association, 46 (6), 701-709. doi: 10.1071/AH22161

Emergency department assessment of suspected acute coronary syndrome using the IMPACT pathway in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Cullen, Louise, Stephensen, Laura, Greenslade, Jaimi, Starmer, Katrina, Starmer, Greg, Stone, Richard, Bonnin, Robert, Brazzale, Anthony, Drahm-Butler, Tileah, Campbell, Virginia, Davis, Tania, Mowatt, Elizabeth, Brown, Nathan J., Proctor, Karlie, Ashover, Sarah, Milburn, Tanya, McCormack, Louise, Graves, Nicholas and Parsonage, William (2022). Emergency department assessment of suspected acute coronary syndrome using the IMPACT pathway in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Heart Lung and Circulation, 31 (7), 1029-1036. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.010

Hypofibrinogenaemia and hypocalcaemia in adult trauma patients receiving pre‐hospital packed red blood cell transfusions: potential for supplementary pre‐hospital therapeutic interventions

Bodnar, Daniel, Stevens, Zoe, Williams, Sue, Handy, Michael, Rashford, Steven and Brown, Nathan J. (2022). Hypofibrinogenaemia and hypocalcaemia in adult trauma patients receiving pre‐hospital packed red blood cell transfusions: potential for supplementary pre‐hospital therapeutic interventions. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 34 (3), 333-340. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13887

Retrospective study of the prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug events in adults who present to an Australian emergency department

Brown, Nathan J., Doran, Elizabeth, Greenslade, Jaimi H., Lukin, Bill, Cottrell, Neil, Jaramillo, Fabian, Coombes, Ian, Donovan, Peter and Cullen, Louise (2022). Retrospective study of the prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug events in adults who present to an Australian emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 34 (4), 547-554. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13929

Normal limits for oscillometric bronchodilator responses and relationships with clinical factors

Jetmalani, Kanika, Brown, Nathan J., Boustany, Chantale, Toelle, Brett G., Marks, Guy B., Abramson, Michael J., Johns, David P., James, Alan L., Hunter, Michael, Musk, Arthur W., Berend, Norbert, Farah, Claude S., Chapman, David G., Thamrin, Cindy and King, Gregory G. (2021). Normal limits for oscillometric bronchodilator responses and relationships with clinical factors. ERJ Open Research, 7 (4) 00439-2021. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00439-2021

Isolated vehicle rollover is not an independent predictor of trauma injury severity

Moriarty, Sunayana, Brown, Nathan, Waller, Michael and Chu, Kevin (2021). Isolated vehicle rollover is not an independent predictor of trauma injury severity. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 2 (4) e12470, 1-9. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12470

The documentation of pain intensity and its influences on care in the emergency department

Hughes, James A., Chiu, Jacqui, Brown, Nathan J., Hills, Angela, Allwood, Brandon and Chu, Kevin (2021). The documentation of pain intensity and its influences on care in the emergency department. International Emergency Nursing, 57 101015, 101015. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101015

Patient-Reported outcomes of pain care research in the adult emergency department: a scoping review

Wong, Alixandra, Potter, Joseph, Brown, Nathan J., Chu, Kevin and Hughes, James A. (2021). Patient-Reported outcomes of pain care research in the adult emergency department: a scoping review. Australasian Emergency Care, 24 (2), 127-134. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2020.10.003

An initial psychometric evaluation of the APS-POQ-R in acute pain presenting to the emergency department

Hughes, James A., Jones, Lee, Potter, Joseph, Wong, Alixandra, Brown, Nathan J. and Chu, Kevin (2021). An initial psychometric evaluation of the APS-POQ-R in acute pain presenting to the emergency department. Australasian Emergency Care, 24 (4), 287-295. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2020.12.001

Increasing the rate of documentation of security interventions in the emergency department: Big Orange Security Sticker (BOSS) Project

Duncan, Jill, Brown, Nathan J., Lock, Caitlin, Trudgett, Scott, Rothwell, Sean, Rosengren, David and Hughes, James A. (2020). Increasing the rate of documentation of security interventions in the emergency department: Big Orange Security Sticker (BOSS) Project. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35 (3), 276-281. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000433

Influence of overcrowding in the emergency department on return visit within 72 hours

Kim, Dong-uk, Park, Yoo Seok, Park, Joon Min, Brown, Nathan J., Chu, Kevin, Lee, Ji Hwan, Kim, Ji Hoon and Kim, Min Joung (2020). Influence of overcrowding in the emergency department on return visit within 72 hours. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (5) 1406, 1406. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051406

The effects of therapeutic activity kits in emergency department patients with dementia: study protocol for a pragmatic randomized control trial

Higgs, Leonie, Atkinson, Diane, Brown, Nathan J., Schnitker, Linda, Lock, Caitlin, Merlo, Gregory, Kramer, David, Bennett, Leanne and Hughes, James A. (2020). The effects of therapeutic activity kits in emergency department patients with dementia: study protocol for a pragmatic randomized control trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76 (6) jan.14350, 1449-1457. doi: 10.1111/jan.14350

Security interventions are frequently undocumented in emergency department clinical notes

Duncan, Jill, Brown, Nathan J., Hughes, James A., Trudgett, Scott, Crilly, Julia, Rothwell, Sean and Rosengren, David (2019). Security interventions are frequently undocumented in emergency department clinical notes. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 31 (5), 797-804. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13257

The relationship between time to analgesic administration and emergency department length of stay: a retrospective review

Hughes, James A., Brown, Nathan J., Chiu, Jacqui, Allwood, Brandon and Chu, Kevin (2019). The relationship between time to analgesic administration and emergency department length of stay: a retrospective review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76 (1) jan.14216, 183-190. doi: 10.1111/jan.14216

Characteristics of accidental injuries from power tools treated at two emergency departments in Queensland

Judge, Chantelle, Eley, Rob, Miyakawa-Liu, Monica, Brown, Nathan J, McCosker, Laura, Livesay, Georgia, Hughes, James A and Vallmuur, Kirsten (2019). Characteristics of accidental injuries from power tools treated at two emergency departments in Queensland. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 31 (3), 436-443. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13201

Factors influencing variation in investigations after a negative CT brain scan in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage: A qualitative study

Chu, Kevin, Windsor, Carol, Fox, Jennifer, Howell, Tegwen, Keijzers, Gerben, Eley, Robert, Kinnear, Frances, Furyk, Jeremy, Thom, Ogilvie, Brown, Nathan J. and Brown, Anthony F. T. (2019). Factors influencing variation in investigations after a negative CT brain scan in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage: A qualitative study. Emergency Medicine Journal, 36 (2), 72-+. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2018-207876

Frequent presentations to emergency departments and the collaborative community and emergency response: a case series

Harcourt, Debra Irene, McDonald, Clancy Jack, Cartlidge-Gann, Leonie, Brown, Nathan J. and Rayner, Kim (2018). Frequent presentations to emergency departments and the collaborative community and emergency response: a case series. Journal of Integrated Care, 26 (4), 267-276. doi: 10.1108/JICA-02-2018-0015

Incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the general and emergency department populations in Queensland from 2010 to 2014

Chu, Kevin H., Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Winter, Craig D., Jeffree, Rosalind L., Brown, Nathan J and Brown, Anthony F. T. (2018). Incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the general and emergency department populations in Queensland from 2010 to 2014. Emergency Medicine Australasia : EMA, 30 (4), 503-510. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12936

Simpson's paradox: a statistician's case study

Chu, Kevin H, Brown, Nathan J, Pelecanos, Anita and Brown, Anthony Ft (2018). Simpson's paradox: a statistician's case study. Emergency Medicine Australasia : EMA, 30 (3), 431-433. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12943

Diving into research: a practical guide for emergency medicine trainees

Cullen, Louise and Brown, Nathan (2017). Diving into research: a practical guide for emergency medicine trainees. Emergency Medicine Australasia : EMA, 29 (6), 722-723. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12891

The chances that an emergency physician will demonstrate three abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasound in the emergency department for credentialing: A statistician's view

Chu, Kevin H., Pelecanos, Anita, Brown, Nathan J. and Brown, Anthony F. T. (2017). The chances that an emergency physician will demonstrate three abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasound in the emergency department for credentialing: A statistician's view. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 29 (4), 464-466. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12812

Expiratory flow limitation relates to symptoms during COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission

Jetmalani, Kanika, Timmins, Sophie, Brown, Nathan J., Diba, Chantale, Berend, Norbert, Salome, Cheryl M., Wen, Fu-Qiang, Chen, Peng, King, Gregory G. and Farah, Claude S. (2015). Expiratory flow limitation relates to symptoms during COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission. International Journal of COPD, 10, 939-945. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S78332

Increased day-to-day variability of forced oscillatory resistance in poorly controlled or persistent pediatric asthma

Robinson, Paul D., Brown, Nathan J., Turner, Martin, Van Asperen, Peter, Selvadurai, Hiran and King, Gregory G. (2014). Increased day-to-day variability of forced oscillatory resistance in poorly controlled or persistent pediatric asthma. Chest, 146 (4), 974-981. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0288

Deep inspiration volume and the impaired reversal of bronchoconstriction in asthma

Hulme, Kathryn M., Salome, Cheryl M., Brown, Nathan J., Berend, Norbert, Agus, Helen M., Horlyck, Karla R., King, Greg G. and Chapman, David G. (2013). Deep inspiration volume and the impaired reversal of bronchoconstriction in asthma. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 189 (3), 506-512. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.015

Respiratory system reactance is an independent determinant of asthma control

Kelly, Vanessa J., Sands, Scott A., Harris, R. Scott, Venegas, Jose G., Brown, Nathan J., Stuart-Andrews, Christopher R., King, Gregory G. and Thompson, Bruce R. (2013). Respiratory system reactance is an independent determinant of asthma control. Journal of Applied Physiology, 115 (9), 1360-1369. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2013

Relationship between airway pathophysiology and airway inflammation in older asthmatics

Porsbjerg, Celeste M., Gibson, Peter G., Pretto, Jeffrey J., Salome, Cheryl M., Brown, Nathan J., Berend, Norbert and King, Gregory G. (2013). Relationship between airway pathophysiology and airway inflammation in older asthmatics. Respirology, 18 (7), 1128-1134. doi: 10.1111/resp.12142

Ventilation heterogeneity predicts asthma control in adults following inhaled corticosteroid dose titration

Farah, Claude S., King, Gregory G., Brown, Nathan J., Peters, Matthew J., Berend, Norbert and Salome, Cheryl M. (2012). Ventilation heterogeneity predicts asthma control in adults following inhaled corticosteroid dose titration. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 130 (1), 61-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.015

Effect of airway smooth muscle tone on airway distensibility measured by the forced oscillation technique in adults with asthma

Kelly, Vanessa J., Brown, Nathan J., Sands, Scott A., Borg, Brigitte M., King, Gregory G. and Thompson, Bruce R. (2012). Effect of airway smooth muscle tone on airway distensibility measured by the forced oscillation technique in adults with asthma. Journal of Applied Physiology, 112 (9), 1494-1503. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01259.2011

The role of the small airways in the clinical expression of asthma in adults

Farah, Claude S., King, Gregory G., Brown, Nathan J., Downie, Sue R., Kermode, Jessica A., Hardaker, Kate M., Peters, Matthew J., Berend, Norbert and Salome, Cheryl M. (2012). The role of the small airways in the clinical expression of asthma in adults. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 129 (2), 381-387.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.017

The effect of airway remodelling on airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma

Kermode, Jessica A., Brown, Nathan J., Hardaker, Kate M., Farah, Claude S., Berend, Norbert, King, Gregory G. and Salome, Cheryl M. (2011). The effect of airway remodelling on airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Respiratory Medicine, 105 (12), 1798-1804. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.07.010

The dynamic face of respiratory research: understanding the effect of airway disease on a lung in constant motion

Chapman, David G., Brown, Nathan J. and Salome, Cheryl M. (2011). The dynamic face of respiratory research: understanding the effect of airway disease on a lung in constant motion. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24 (5), 505-512. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.03.006

Obesity is a determinant of asthma control independent of inflammation and lung mechanics

Farah, Claude S., Kermode, Jessica A., Downie, Sue R., Brown, Nathan J., Hardaker, Kate M., Berend, Norbert, King, Gregory G. and Salome, Cheryl M. (2011). Obesity is a determinant of asthma control independent of inflammation and lung mechanics. Chest, 140 (3), 659-666. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-0027

Procedures to improve the repeatability of forced oscillation measurements in school-aged children

Robinson, Paul D., Turner, Martin, Brown, Nathan J., Salome, Cheryl, Berend, Norbert, Marks, Guy B. and King, Greg G. (2011). Procedures to improve the repeatability of forced oscillation measurements in school-aged children. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 177 (2), 199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.02.004

Predictors of airway hyperresponsiveness differ between old and young patients with asthma

Hardaker, Kate M., Downie, Sue R., Kermode, Jessica A., Farah, Claude S., Brown, Nathan J., Berend, Norbert, King, Gregory G. and Salome, Cheryl M. (2011). Predictors of airway hyperresponsiveness differ between old and young patients with asthma. Chest, 139 (6), 1395-1401. doi: 10.1378/chest.10-1839

Indices of bronchial reactivity and sensitivity

Salome, Cheryl M., Brown, Nathan J., Reddel, Helen K., Xuan, Wei and Marks, Guy B. (2011). Indices of bronchial reactivity and sensitivity. Thorax, 66 (3), 265-266. doi: 10.1136/thx.2010.151639

The bronchodilator response of in vivo specific airway compliance in adults with asthma

Kelly, Vanessa J., Brown, Nathan J., King, Gregory G. and Thompson, Bruce R. (2011). The bronchodilator response of in vivo specific airway compliance in adults with asthma. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 39 (3), 1125-1135. doi: 10.1007/s10439-010-0206-0

Reference equations for respiratory system resistance and reactance in adults

Brown, Nathan J., Xuan, Wei, Salome, Cheryl M., Berend, Norbert, Hunter, Michael L., Musk, A. W., James, Alan L. and King, Gregory G. (2010). Reference equations for respiratory system resistance and reactance in adults. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 172 (3), 162-168. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.013

A method to determine in vivo, specific airway compliance, in humans

Kelly, Vanessa J., Brown, Nathan J., King, Gregory G. and Thompson, Bruce R. (2010). A method to determine in vivo, specific airway compliance, in humans. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 48 (5), 489-496. doi: 10.1007/s11517-010-0576-3

Stress and strain in the contractile and cytoskeletal filaments of airway smooth muscle

Deng, Linhong, Bosse, Ynuk, Brown, Nathan, Chin, Leslie Y. M., Connolly, Sarah C., Fairbank, Nigel J., King, Greg G., Maksym, Geoffrey N., Paré, Peter D., Seow, Chun Y. and Stephen, Newman L. (2009). Stress and strain in the contractile and cytoskeletal filaments of airway smooth muscle. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22 (5), 407-416. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.04.008

Airway distensibility in adults with asthma and healthy adults, measured by forced oscillation technique

Brown, Nathan J., Salome, Cheryl M., Berend, Norbert, Thorpe, C. William and King, Gregory G. (2007). Airway distensibility in adults with asthma and healthy adults, measured by forced oscillation technique. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176 (2), 129-137. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200609-1317OC

The effects of body weight on airway calibre

King, G. G., Brown, N. J., Diba, C., Thorpe, C. W., Muñoz, P., Marks, G. B., Toelle, B., Ng, K., Berend, N. and Salome, C. M. (2005). The effects of body weight on airway calibre. European Respiratory Journal, 25 (5), 896-901. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00104504

Airway re-narrowing following deep inspiration in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects

Salome, CM, Thorpe, CW, Diba, C, Brown, NJ, Berend, N and King, GG (2003). Airway re-narrowing following deep inspiration in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. European Respiratory Journal, 22 (1), 62-68. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00117502

Exhaled nitric oxide measurements in a population sample of young adults

Salome, CM, Roberts, AM, Brown, NJ, Dermand, J, Marks, GB and Woolcock, AJ (1999). Exhaled nitric oxide measurements in a population sample of young adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159 (3), 911-916. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9802108

Effect of nitrogen dioxide and other combustion products on asthmatic subjects in a home-like environment

Salome, CM, Brown, NJ, Marks, GB, Woolcock, AJ, Johnson, GM, Nancarrow, PC, Quigley, S and Tiong, J (1996). Effect of nitrogen dioxide and other combustion products on asthmatic subjects in a home-like environment. European Respiratory Journal, 9 (5), 910-918. doi: 10.1183/09031936.96.09050910

Towards automatic and interpretable assignments of patients presenting with pain to the emergency department

Hughes, J. A., Brown, N. J., Vu, Thanh and Nguyen, Anthony (2021). Towards automatic and interpretable assignments of patients presenting with pain to the emergency department. Australian Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2020) – Healthier Lives, Digitally Enabled, Online, 5 – 25 November 2020. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/SHTI210005

A comparison of two methods for measuring airway distensibility: nitrogen washout and the forced oscillation technique

Brown, NJ, Thorpe, CW, Thompson, B, Berend, N, Downie, S, Verbanck, S, Salome, CM and King, GG (2004). A comparison of two methods for measuring airway distensibility: nitrogen washout and the forced oscillation technique. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sydney Australia, Aug 24-29, 2003. BRISTOL: IOP PUBLISHING LTD. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/25/4/022