Journal Article: Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Touchard, Axel, Keramidas, Angelo, Mueller, Alexander, Schroeder, Christina I., Barassé, Valentine, Walker, Andrew A., Brinkwirth, Nina, Jami, Sina, Bonnafé, Elsa, Treilhou, Michel, Undheim, Eivind A. B., Schmidt, Justin O., King, Glenn F. and Vetter, Irina (2023). Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2977, 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38839-1
Journal Article: Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function
Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Cheng, Xiaoyang, Kurdyukov, Sergey, Chung, Felicity, Okorokov, Andrei L., Li, Shengnan, Zhang, Jiangtao, Cristofori-Armstrong, Ben, Israel, Mathilde R., Ju, Robert J., Robinson, Samuel D., Zhao, Peng, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Andersson, Åsa, Tran, Poanna, Schendel, Vanessa, McMahon, Kirsten L., Tran, Hue N. T., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Zhu, Yifei, Liu, Junyu, Crawford, Theo, Purushothamvasan, Saipriyaa, Habib, Abdella M., Andersson, David A., Rash, Lachlan D., Wood, John N. ... Vetter, Irina (2023). Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2442. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37963-2
Journal Article: Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Schendel, Vanessa and Vetter, Irina (2022). Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms. Pain, 163 (S1), S46-S56. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002701
Journal Article: Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox
Xie, Jing, Robinson, Samuel D., Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Rehm, Fabian B.H., Yap, Kuok, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Chan, Lai Yue, Hamilton, Brett R., Harvey, Peta J., Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2022). Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298 (8) 102218, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102218
Journal Article: A peptide toxin in ant venom mimics vertebrate EGF-like hormones to cause long-lasting hypersensitivity in mammals
Eagles, David A., Saez, Natalie J., Krishnarjuna, Bankala, Bradford, Julia J., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Starobova, Hana, Mueller, Alexander, Reichelt, Melissa E., Undheim, Eivind A. B., Norton, Raymond S., Thomas, Walter G., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Robinson, Samuel D. (2022). A peptide toxin in ant venom mimics vertebrate EGF-like hormones to cause long-lasting hypersensitivity in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (7) e2112630119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2112630119
Journal Article: Production, composition, and mode of action of the painful defensive venom produced by a limacodid caterpillar, Doratifera vulnerans
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Paluzzi, Jean-Paul V., Merritt, David J., Nixon, Samantha A., Schroeder, Christina I., Jin, Jiayi, Goudarzi, Mohaddeseh Hedayati, Kotze, Andrew C., Dekan, Zoltan, Sombke, Andy, Alewood, Paul F., Fry, Bryan G., Epstein, Marc E., Vetter, Irina and King, Glenn F. (2021). Production, composition, and mode of action of the painful defensive venom produced by a limacodid caterpillar, Doratifera vulnerans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (18) 2023815118, e2023815118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023815118
Journal Article: Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras
Kazandjian, T. D., Petras, D., Robinson, S. D., van Thiel, J., Greene, H. W., Arbuckle, K., Barlow, A., Carter, D. A., Wouters, R. M., Whiteley, G., Wagstaff, S. C., Arias, A. S., Albulescu, L.-O., Plettenberg Laing, A., Hall, C., Heap, A., Penrhyn-Lowe, S., McCabe, C. V., Ainsworth, S., da Silva, R. R., Dorrestein, P. C., Richardson, M. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Calvete, J. J., Harrison, R. A., Vetter, I., Undheim, E. A. B., Wüster, W. and Casewell, N. R. (2021). Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science, 371 (6527), 386-390. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9303
Journal Article: Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree
Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Israel, Mathilde R., Harvey, Peta J., Poth, Aaron G., Rehm, Fabian B. H., Stow, Jennifer L., Robinson, Samuel D., Yap, Kuok, Brown, Darren L., Hamilton, Brett R., Andersson, David, Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2020). Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree. Science Advances, 6 (38) eabb8828, 1-10. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8828
Journal Article: A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family
Robinson, Samuel D., Mueller, Alexander, Clayton, Daniel, Starobova, Hana, Hamilton, Brett R., Payne, Richard J., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Undheim, Eivind A. B. (2018). A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family. Science Advances, 4 (9) eaau4640, eaau4640. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4640
Journal Article: Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails
Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Gajewiak, Joanna, Karanth, Santhosh, Robinson, Samuel D., Ueberheide, Beatrix, Douglass, Adam D., Schlegel, Amnon, Imperial, Julita S., Watkins, Maren, Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Yandell, Mark, Li, Qing, Purcell, Anthony W., Norton, Raymond S., Ellgaard, Lars and Olivera, Baldomero M. (2015). Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (6), 1743-1748. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423857112
New Toxin Tools for Dissecting Pain
(2023–2027) NHMRC Investigator Grants
A new class of sodium channel toxin from ant venoms
(2021–2024) ARC Discovery Projects
Gain from pain: new tools from venomous animals for exploring pain pathways
(2019–2022) ARC Discovery Projects
Identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from animal venoms
Doctor Philosophy
Evaluation of Phylogenetic Patterns of Scorpion Pathophysiological Effects and Effectiveness of Next-Generation Antivenoms
Doctor Philosophy
Identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from animal venoms
Almost all venomous animals use their venoms for defensive purposes—many solely. Defensive stings or bites, such as those of ants, wasps, scorpions and spiders, are often associated with intense pain caused by toxins that directly target sensory neurons, hijacking or overstimulating neuronal transmission. These pain-causing toxins have the potential to be used as tools to study the nervous system and uncover new pain signalling components (i.e. ion channels and/or receptors). The focus of this project will be the discovery and characterisation of pain-causing toxins from ant venoms.
The aims of this project will be:
Techniques learned/applied may include (but are not limited to) venom collection, fractionation and purification; transcriptomics, proteomics and mass spectrometry; peptide synthesis; ion channel electrophysiology, microscopy, and in vivo pain models.
The identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from venoms will provide new knowledge about methods of chemical defence used by venomous animals and has the potential to elucidate new components of human pain signalling. A better understanding of our pain physiology may ultimately lead to the development of new or improved pain treatments.
The project will be completed at the UQ Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) under the supervision of Dr. Sam Robinson, Dr. Jennifer Deuis, and Prof. Irina Vetter. UQ has a strong, internationally-focused research culture, and it is consistently ranked in the top 1% of world universities. The IMB is a leading research institute in the Asia-Pacific region and is internationally renowned for excellence in venom research (with experts in all aspects of venom biology including venom-peptide pharmacology, chemistry, structural biology, and venoms-based drug discovery) and pain research (it is home to the IMB Centre for Pain Research).
Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Touchard, Axel, Keramidas, Angelo, Mueller, Alexander, Schroeder, Christina I., Barassé, Valentine, Walker, Andrew A., Brinkwirth, Nina, Jami, Sina, Bonnafé, Elsa, Treilhou, Michel, Undheim, Eivind A. B., Schmidt, Justin O., King, Glenn F. and Vetter, Irina (2023). Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2977, 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38839-1
Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function
Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Cheng, Xiaoyang, Kurdyukov, Sergey, Chung, Felicity, Okorokov, Andrei L., Li, Shengnan, Zhang, Jiangtao, Cristofori-Armstrong, Ben, Israel, Mathilde R., Ju, Robert J., Robinson, Samuel D., Zhao, Peng, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Andersson, Åsa, Tran, Poanna, Schendel, Vanessa, McMahon, Kirsten L., Tran, Hue N. T., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Zhu, Yifei, Liu, Junyu, Crawford, Theo, Purushothamvasan, Saipriyaa, Habib, Abdella M., Andersson, David A., Rash, Lachlan D., Wood, John N. ... Vetter, Irina (2023). Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2442. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37963-2
Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Schendel, Vanessa and Vetter, Irina (2022). Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms. Pain, 163 (S1), S46-S56. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002701
Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox
Xie, Jing, Robinson, Samuel D., Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Rehm, Fabian B.H., Yap, Kuok, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Chan, Lai Yue, Hamilton, Brett R., Harvey, Peta J., Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2022). Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298 (8) 102218, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102218
Eagles, David A., Saez, Natalie J., Krishnarjuna, Bankala, Bradford, Julia J., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Starobova, Hana, Mueller, Alexander, Reichelt, Melissa E., Undheim, Eivind A. B., Norton, Raymond S., Thomas, Walter G., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Robinson, Samuel D. (2022). A peptide toxin in ant venom mimics vertebrate EGF-like hormones to cause long-lasting hypersensitivity in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (7) e2112630119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2112630119
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Paluzzi, Jean-Paul V., Merritt, David J., Nixon, Samantha A., Schroeder, Christina I., Jin, Jiayi, Goudarzi, Mohaddeseh Hedayati, Kotze, Andrew C., Dekan, Zoltan, Sombke, Andy, Alewood, Paul F., Fry, Bryan G., Epstein, Marc E., Vetter, Irina and King, Glenn F. (2021). Production, composition, and mode of action of the painful defensive venom produced by a limacodid caterpillar, Doratifera vulnerans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (18) 2023815118, e2023815118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023815118
Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras
Kazandjian, T. D., Petras, D., Robinson, S. D., van Thiel, J., Greene, H. W., Arbuckle, K., Barlow, A., Carter, D. A., Wouters, R. M., Whiteley, G., Wagstaff, S. C., Arias, A. S., Albulescu, L.-O., Plettenberg Laing, A., Hall, C., Heap, A., Penrhyn-Lowe, S., McCabe, C. V., Ainsworth, S., da Silva, R. R., Dorrestein, P. C., Richardson, M. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Calvete, J. J., Harrison, R. A., Vetter, I., Undheim, E. A. B., Wüster, W. and Casewell, N. R. (2021). Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science, 371 (6527), 386-390. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9303
Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree
Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Israel, Mathilde R., Harvey, Peta J., Poth, Aaron G., Rehm, Fabian B. H., Stow, Jennifer L., Robinson, Samuel D., Yap, Kuok, Brown, Darren L., Hamilton, Brett R., Andersson, David, Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2020). Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree. Science Advances, 6 (38) eabb8828, 1-10. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8828
Robinson, Samuel D., Mueller, Alexander, Clayton, Daniel, Starobova, Hana, Hamilton, Brett R., Payne, Richard J., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Undheim, Eivind A. B. (2018). A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family. Science Advances, 4 (9) eaau4640, eaau4640. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4640
Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails
Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Gajewiak, Joanna, Karanth, Santhosh, Robinson, Samuel D., Ueberheide, Beatrix, Douglass, Adam D., Schlegel, Amnon, Imperial, Julita S., Watkins, Maren, Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Yandell, Mark, Li, Qing, Purcell, Anthony W., Norton, Raymond S., Ellgaard, Lars and Olivera, Baldomero M. (2015). Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (6), 1743-1748. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423857112
High-throughput fluorescence assays for ion channels and GPCRs
Vetter, Irina, Carter, David, Bassett, John, Deuis, Jennifer R., Tay, Bryan, Jami, Sina and Robinson, Samuel D. (2020). High-throughput fluorescence assays for ion channels and GPCRs. Calcium Signaling. (pp. 27-72) edited by Md. Shahidul Islam. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_3
Justin O Schmidt - His extraordinary impact on toxinology and arthropod biodiversity science
Binford, Greta J., Robinson, Samuel D. and Klotz, Stephen A. (2023). Justin O Schmidt - His extraordinary impact on toxinology and arthropod biodiversity science. Toxicon, 234 ARTN 107287, 107287. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107287
McMahon, Kirsten L., O’Brien, Henrik, Schroeder, Christina I., Deuis, Jennifer R., Venkatachalam, Dhananjeyan, Huang, Di, Green, Brad R., Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Li, Qing, Yandell, Mark, Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Olivera, Baldomero M., Vetter, Irina and Robinson, Samuel D. (2023). Identification of sodium channel toxins from marine cone snails of the subgenera Textilia and Afonsoconus. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 80 (10) 287. doi: 10.1007/s00018-023-04935-0
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Merritt, David J., Cardoso, Fernanda C., Goudarzi, Mohaddeseh Hedayati, Mercedes, Raine S., Eagles, David A., Cooper, Paul, Zdenek, Christina N., Fry, Bryan G., Hall, Donald W., Vetter, Irina and King, Glenn F. (2023). Horizontal gene transfer underlies the painful stings of asp caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120 (29) e2305871120, e2305871120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2305871120
Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Touchard, Axel, Keramidas, Angelo, Mueller, Alexander, Schroeder, Christina I., Barassé, Valentine, Walker, Andrew A., Brinkwirth, Nina, Jami, Sina, Bonnafé, Elsa, Treilhou, Michel, Undheim, Eivind A. B., Schmidt, Justin O., King, Glenn F. and Vetter, Irina (2023). Ant venoms contain vertebrate-selective pain-causing sodium channel toxins. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2977, 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38839-1
Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function
Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Cheng, Xiaoyang, Kurdyukov, Sergey, Chung, Felicity, Okorokov, Andrei L., Li, Shengnan, Zhang, Jiangtao, Cristofori-Armstrong, Ben, Israel, Mathilde R., Ju, Robert J., Robinson, Samuel D., Zhao, Peng, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Andersson, Åsa, Tran, Poanna, Schendel, Vanessa, McMahon, Kirsten L., Tran, Hue N. T., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Zhu, Yifei, Liu, Junyu, Crawford, Theo, Purushothamvasan, Saipriyaa, Habib, Abdella M., Andersson, David A., Rash, Lachlan D., Wood, John N. ... Vetter, Irina (2023). Pain-causing stinging nettle toxins target TMEM233 to modulate NaV1.7 function. Nature Communications, 14 (1) 2442. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37963-2
Krishnarjuna, Bankala, Sunanda, Punnepalli, Seow, Jeffrey, Tae, Han-Shen, Robinson, Samuel D., Belgi, Alessia, Robinson, Andrea J., Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Adams, David J. and Norton, Raymond S. (2023). Characterisation of elevenin-Vc1 from the venom of Conus victoriae: a structural analogue of α-conotoxins. Marine Drugs, 21 (2) 81. doi: 10.3390/md21020081
Intra-colony venom diversity contributes to maintaining eusociality in a cooperatively breeding ant
Robinson, Samuel D., Schendel, Vanessa, Schroeder, Christina I., Moen, Sarah, Mueller, Alexander, Walker, Andrew A., McKinnon, Naomi, Neely, G. Gregory, Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Undheim, Eivind A. B. (2023). Intra-colony venom diversity contributes to maintaining eusociality in a cooperatively breeding ant. BMC Biology, 21 (1) 5. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01507-9
Venom composition and pain-causing toxins of the Australian great carpenter bee Xylocopa aruana
Shi, Naiqi, Szanto, Tibor G., He, Jia, Schroeder, Christina I., Walker, Andrew A., Deuis, Jennifer R., Vetter, Irina, Panyi, György, King, Glenn F. and Robinson, Samuel D. (2022). Venom composition and pain-causing toxins of the Australian great carpenter bee Xylocopa aruana. Scientific Reports, 12 (1) 22168, 1-13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26867-8
Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms
Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Klasfauseweh, Tabea, Schendel, Vanessa and Vetter, Irina (2022). Venom-derived pain-causing toxins: insights into sensory neuron function and pain mechanisms. Pain, 163 (S1), S46-S56. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002701
Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox
Xie, Jing, Robinson, Samuel D., Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Rehm, Fabian B.H., Yap, Kuok, Ragnarsson, Lotten, Chan, Lai Yue, Hamilton, Brett R., Harvey, Peta J., Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2022). Neurotoxic and cytotoxic peptides underlie the painful stings of the tree nettle Urtica ferox. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298 (8) 102218, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102218
Physiological constraints dictate toxin spatial heterogeneity in snake venom glands
Kazandjian, Taline D., Hamilton, Brett R., Robinson, Samuel D., Hall, Steven R., Bartlett, Keirah E., Rowley, Paul, Wilkinson, Mark C., Casewell, Nicholas R. and Undheim, Eivind A. B. (2022). Physiological constraints dictate toxin spatial heterogeneity in snake venom glands. BMC Biology, 20 (1) 148, 1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01350-y
Pinto, Ciro P.G., Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., King, Glenn F. and Rossi, Guilherme D. (2022). Proteotranscriptomics reveals the secretory dynamics of teratocytes, regulators of parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp. Journal of Insect Physiology, 139 104395, 104395. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104395
Eagles, David A., Saez, Natalie J., Krishnarjuna, Bankala, Bradford, Julia J., Chin, Yanni K.-Y., Starobova, Hana, Mueller, Alexander, Reichelt, Melissa E., Undheim, Eivind A. B., Norton, Raymond S., Thomas, Walter G., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Robinson, Samuel D. (2022). A peptide toxin in ant venom mimics vertebrate EGF-like hormones to cause long-lasting hypersensitivity in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (7) e2112630119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2112630119
Deuis, Jennifer R., Ragnarsson, Lotten, Robinson, Samuel D., Dekan, Zoltan, Chan, Lerena, Jin, Ai-Hua, Tran, Poanna, McMahon, Kirsten L., Li, Shengnan, Wood, John N., Cox, James J., King, Glenn F., Herzig, Volker and Vetter, Irina (2022). The tarantula venom peptide Eo1a binds to the domain II S3-S4 extracellular loop of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8 to enhance activation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12 789570, 789570. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.789570
A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide
Robinson, Samuel D., Kambanis, Lucas, Clayton, Daniel, Hinneburg, Hannes, Corcilius, Leo, Mueller, Alexander, Walker, Andrew A., Keramidas, Angelo, Kulkarni, Sameer S., Jones, Alun, Vetter, Irina, Thaysen-Andersen, Morten, Payne, Richard J., King, Glenn F. and Undheim, Eivind A.B. (2021). A pain-causing and paralytic ant venom glycopeptide. iScience, 24 (10) 103175, 1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103175
Nixon, Samantha A., Robinson, Samuel D., Agwa, Akello J., Walker, Andrew A., Choudhary, Shivani, Touchard, Axel, Undheim, Eivind A.B., Robertson, Alan, Vetter, Irina, Schroeder, Christina I., Kotze, Andrew C., Herzig, Volker and King, Glenn F. (2021). Multipurpose peptides: the venoms of Amazonian stinging ants contain anthelmintic ponericins with diverse predatory and defensive activities. Biochemical Pharmacology, 192 114693, 114693. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114693
Pinto, Ciro P.G., Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Chin, Yanni K.-Y, King, Glenn F. and Rossi, Guilherme D. (2021). Venom composition of the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and functional characterization of a major venom peptide. Toxicon, 202, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.002
Venom chemistry underlying the painful stings of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Jensen, Timo, Walker, Andrew A., Nguyen, Son H., Jin, Ai-Hua, Deuis, Jennifer R., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F., Schmidt, Justin O. and Robinson, Samuel D. (2021). Venom chemistry underlying the painful stings of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 78 (12), 5163-5177. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-03847-1
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Paluzzi, Jean-Paul V., Merritt, David J., Nixon, Samantha A., Schroeder, Christina I., Jin, Jiayi, Goudarzi, Mohaddeseh Hedayati, Kotze, Andrew C., Dekan, Zoltan, Sombke, Andy, Alewood, Paul F., Fry, Bryan G., Epstein, Marc E., Vetter, Irina and King, Glenn F. (2021). Production, composition, and mode of action of the painful defensive venom produced by a limacodid caterpillar, Doratifera vulnerans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (18) 2023815118, e2023815118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023815118
Alkyne-bridged α-conotoxin Vc1.1 potently reverses mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain models
Belgi, Alessia, Burnley, James V., MacRaild, Christopher A., Chhabra, Sandeep, Elnahriry, Khaled A., Robinson, Samuel D., Gooding, Simon G., Tae, Han-Shen, Bartels, Peter, Sadeghi, Mahsa, Zhao, Fei-Yue, Wei, Haifeng, Spanswick, David, Adams, David J., Norton, Raymond S. and Robinson, Andrea J. (2021). Alkyne-bridged α-conotoxin Vc1.1 potently reverses mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain models. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 64 (6), 3222-3233. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02151
Koopman, Charlotte D., De Angelis, Jessica, Iyer, Swati P., Verkerk, Arie O., Da Silva, Jason, Berecki, Geza, Jeanes, Angela, Baillie, Gregory J., Paterson, Scott, Uribe, Veronica, Ehrlich, Ophelia V., Robinson, Samuel D., Garric, Laurence, Petrou, Steven, Simons, Cas, Vetter, Irina, Hogan, Benjamin M., de Boer, Teun P., Bakkers, Jeroen and Smith, Kelly A. (2021). The zebrafish mutant uncovers an evolutionarily conserved role for Tmem161b in the control of cardiac rhythm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (9) e2018220118, e2018220118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2018220118
Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras
Kazandjian, T. D., Petras, D., Robinson, S. D., van Thiel, J., Greene, H. W., Arbuckle, K., Barlow, A., Carter, D. A., Wouters, R. M., Whiteley, G., Wagstaff, S. C., Arias, A. S., Albulescu, L.-O., Plettenberg Laing, A., Hall, C., Heap, A., Penrhyn-Lowe, S., McCabe, C. V., Ainsworth, S., da Silva, R. R., Dorrestein, P. C., Richardson, M. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Calvete, J. J., Harrison, R. A., Vetter, I., Undheim, E. A. B., Wüster, W. and Casewell, N. R. (2021). Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science, 371 (6527), 386-390. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9303
Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of venom peptides
Robinson, Samuel D. and Vetter, Irina (2020). Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of venom peptides. Biochemical Pharmacology, 181 114207, 114207. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114207
Deadly proteomes: a practical guide to proteotranscriptomics of animal venoms
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Hamilton, Brett F., Undheim, Eivind A. B. and King, Glenn F. (2020). Deadly proteomes: a practical guide to proteotranscriptomics of animal venoms. Proteomics, 20 (17-18) 1900324, e1900324. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201900324
Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree
Gilding, Edward K., Jami, Sina, Deuis, Jennifer R., Israel, Mathilde R., Harvey, Peta J., Poth, Aaron G., Rehm, Fabian B. H., Stow, Jennifer L., Robinson, Samuel D., Yap, Kuok, Brown, Darren L., Hamilton, Brett R., Andersson, David, Craik, David J., Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2020). Neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the giant Australian stinging tree. Science Advances, 6 (38) eabb8828, 1-10. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8828
Nixon, Samantha A., Dekan, Zoltan, Robinson, Samuel D., Guo, Shaodong, Vetter, Irina, Kotze, Andrew C., Alewood, Paul F., King, Glenn F. and Herzig, Volker (2020). It takes two: Dimerization is essential for the broad-spectrum predatory and defensive activities of the venom peptide Mp1a from the jack jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula. Biomedicines, 8 (7) 185, 1-13. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8070185
Characterization of synthetic Tf2 as a NaV1.3 selective pharmacological probe
Israel, Mathilde R., Dash, Thomas S., Bothe, Stefanie N., Robinson, Samuel D., Deuis, Jennifer R., Craik, David J., Lampert, Angelika, Vetter, Irina and Durek, Thomas (2020). Characterization of synthetic Tf2 as a NaV1.3 selective pharmacological probe. Biomedicines, 8 (6) 155, 155. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8060155
Aili, Samira R., Touchard, Axel, Hayward, Regan, Robinson, Samuel D., Pineda, Sandy S., Lalagüe, Hadrien, Mrinalini, Vetter, Irina, Undheim, Eivind A. B., Kini, R. Manjunatha, Escoubas, Pierre, Padula, Matthew P., Myers, Garry S. A. and Nicholson, Graham M. (2020). An integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the venom complexity of the bullet ant Paraponera clavata. Toxins, 12 (5) 324, 1-30. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050324
Lu, Aiping, Watkins, Maren, Li, Qing, Robinson, Samuel D., Concepcion, Gisela P., Yandell, Mark, Weng, Zhiping, Olivera, Baldomero M., Safavi-Hemami, Helena and Fedosov, Alexander E. (2020). Transcriptomic profiling reveals extraordinary diversity of venom peptides in unexplored predatory gastropods of the genus clavus. Genome Biology and Evolution, 12 (5), 684-700. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evaa083
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Undheim, Eivind A. B., Jin, Jiayi, Han, Xiao, Fry, Bryan G., Vetter, Irina and King, Glenn F. (2019). Missiles of mass disruption: Composition and glandular origin of venom used as a projectile defensive weapon by the assassin bug Platymeris rhadamanthus. Toxins, 11 (11) 673, 673. doi: 10.3390/toxins11110673
Neves, Jorge L. B., Imperial, Julita S., Morgenstern, David, Ueberheide, Beatrix, Gajewiak, Joanna, Antunes, Agostinho, Robinson, Samuel D., Espino, Samuel, Watkins, Maren, Vasconcelos, Vitor and Olivera, Baldomero M. (2019). Characterization of the first Conotoxin from Conus ateralbus, a Vermivorous cone snail from the Cabo Verde archipelago. Marine Drugs, 17 (8) 432, 432. doi: 10.3390/md17080432
NaV1.6 regulates excitability of mechanosensitive sensory neurons
Israel, Mathilde R., Tanaka, Brian S., Castro, Joel, Thongyoo, Panumart, Robinson, Samuel D., Zhao, Peng, Deuis, Jennifer R., Craik, David J., Durek, Thomas, Brierley, Stuart M., Waxman, Stephen G, Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D. and Vetter, Irina (2019). NaV1.6 regulates excitability of mechanosensitive sensory neurons. Journal of Physiology, 597 (14), 3751-3768. doi: 10.1113/JP278148
Nielsen, Lau D., Foged, Mads M., Albert, Anastasia, Bertelsen, Andreas B., Søltoft, Cecilie L., Robinson, Samuel D., Petersen, Steen V., Purcell, Anthony W., Olivera, Baldomero M., Norton, Raymond S., Vasskog, Terje, Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Teilum, Kaare and Ellgaard, Lars (2019). The three-dimensional structure of an H-superfamily conotoxin reveals a granulin fold arising from a common ICK cysteine framework. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 294 (22), jbc.RA119.007491-8759. doi: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007491
Ahorukomeye, Peter, Disotuar, Maria M., Gajewiak, Joanna, Karanth, Santhosh, Watkins, Maren, Robinson, Samuel D., Flórez Salcedo, Paula, Smith, Nicholas A., Smith, Brian J., Schlegel, Amnon, Forbes, Briony E., Olivera, Baldomero, Hung-Chieh Chou, Danny and Safavi-Hemami, Helena (2019). Fish-hunting cone snail venoms are a rich source of minimized ligands of the vertebrate insulin receptor. eLife, 8 e41574. doi: 10.7554/eLife.41574
Discovery of novel conotoxin candidates using machine learning
Li, Qing, Watkins, Maren, Robinson, Samuel D, Safavi-Hemami, Helena and Yandell, Mark (2018). Discovery of novel conotoxin candidates using machine learning. Toxins, 10 (12) 503. doi: 10.3390/toxins10120503
Walker, Andrew, Dobson, James, Jin, Jiayi, Robinson, Samuel, Herzig, Volker, Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn and Fry, Bryan (2018). Buzz kill: Function and proteomic composition of venom from the Giant Assassin Fly Dolopus genitalis (Diptera: Asilidae). Toxins, 10 (11) 456, 456. doi: 10.3390/toxins10110456
Entomo-venomics: the evolution, biology and biochemistry of insect venoms
Walker, Andrew A., Robinson, Samuel D., Yeates, David K., Jin, Jiayi, Baumann, Kate, Dobson, James, Fry, Bryan G. and King, Glenn F. (2018). Entomo-venomics: the evolution, biology and biochemistry of insect venoms. Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 154, 15-27. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.004
Conopeptides promote itch through human itch receptor hMgprX1
Espino, Samuel S., Robinson, Samuel D., Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Gajewiak, Joanna, Yang, Weishan, Olivera, Baldomero M. and Liu, Qin (2018). Conopeptides promote itch through human itch receptor hMgprX1. Toxicon, 154, 28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.002
Robinson, Samuel D., Mueller, Alexander, Clayton, Daniel, Starobova, Hana, Hamilton, Brett R., Payne, Richard J., Vetter, Irina, King, Glenn F. and Undheim, Eivind A. B. (2018). A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family. Science Advances, 4 (9) eaau4640, eaau4640. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4640
Venom peptides as pharmacological tools and therapeutics for diabetes
Robinson, Samuel D. and Safavi-Hemami, Helena (2017). Venom peptides as pharmacological tools and therapeutics for diabetes. Neuropharmacology, 127, 79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.001
The venom repertoire of Conus gloriamaris (Chemnitz, 1777), the Glory of the Sea
Robinson, Samuel D., Li, Qing, Lu, Aiping, Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Yandell, Mark, Olivera, Baldomero M. and Safavi-Hemami, Helena (2017). The venom repertoire of Conus gloriamaris (Chemnitz, 1777), the Glory of the Sea. Marine Drugs, 15 (5) 145, 145. doi: 10.3390/md15050145
The Single Disulfide-Directed β-Hairpin Fold. Dynamics, Stability, and Engineering
Chittoor, Balasubramanyam, Krishnarjuna, Bankala, Morales, Rodrigo A. V., MacRaild, Christopher A., Sadek, Maiada, Leung, Eleanor W. W., Robinson, Samuel D., Pennington, Michael W. and Norton, Raymond S. (2017). The Single Disulfide-Directed β-Hairpin Fold. Dynamics, Stability, and Engineering. Biochemistry, 56 (19), 2455-2466. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00120
Hormone-like peptides in the venoms of marine cone snails
Robinson, Samuel D., Li, Qing, Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Gajewiak, Joanna, Yandell, Mark, Papenfuss, Anthony T., Purcell, Anthony W., Norton, Raymond S. and Safavi-Hemami, Helena (2017). Hormone-like peptides in the venoms of marine cone snails. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 244, 11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.07.012
Structure and activity of contryphan-Vc2: Importance of the D-amino acid residue
Drane, Stephen B., Robinson, Samuel D., MacRaild, Christopher A., Chhabra, Sandeep, Chittoor, Balasubramanyam, Morales, Rodrigo A. V., Leung, Eleanor W. W., Belgi, Alessia, Espino, Samuel S., Olivera, Baldomero M., Robinson, Andrea J., Chalmers, David K. and Norton, Raymond S. (2017). Structure and activity of contryphan-Vc2: Importance of the D-amino acid residue. Toxicon, 129, 113-122. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.012
Venom peptides as therapeutics: advances, challenges and the future of venom-peptide discovery
Robinson, Samuel D., Undheim, Eivind A. B., Ueberheide, Beatrix and King, Glenn F. (2017). Venom peptides as therapeutics: advances, challenges and the future of venom-peptide discovery. Expert Review of Proteomics, 14 (10), 931-939. doi: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1377613
Robinson, Samuel D. and Safavi-Hemami, Helena (2016). Insulin as a weapon. Toxicon, 123, 56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.010
Stereoselective synthesis and structural elucidation of dicarba peptides
Gleeson, Ellen C., Wang, Zhen J., Robinson, Samuel D., Chhabra, Sandeep, MacRaild, Christopher A., Jackson, W. Roy, Norton, Raymond S. and Robinson, Andrea J. (2016). Stereoselective synthesis and structural elucidation of dicarba peptides. Chemical Communications, 52 (24), 4446-4449. doi: 10.1039/c5cc10540d
A naturally occurring peptide with an elementary single disulfide-directed β-hairpin fold
Robinson, Samuel D., Chhabra, Sandeep, Belgi, Alessia, Chittoor, Balasubramanyam, Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Robinson, Andrea J., Papenfuss, Anthony T., Purcell, Anthony W. and Norton, Raymond S. (2016). A naturally occurring peptide with an elementary single disulfide-directed β-hairpin fold. Structure, 24 (2), 293-299. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2015.11.015
Robinson, Samuel D., Lee, Tet Woo, Christie, David L. and Birch, Nigel P. (2015). Tissue plasminogen activator inhibits NMDA-receptor-mediated increases in calcium levels in cultured hippocampal neurons. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9 (OCT) 404, 404. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00404
Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails
Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Gajewiak, Joanna, Karanth, Santhosh, Robinson, Samuel D., Ueberheide, Beatrix, Douglass, Adam D., Schlegel, Amnon, Imperial, Julita S., Watkins, Maren, Bandyopadhyay, Pradip K., Yandell, Mark, Li, Qing, Purcell, Anthony W., Norton, Raymond S., Ellgaard, Lars and Olivera, Baldomero M. (2015). Specialized insulin is used for chemical warfare by fish-hunting cone snails. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (6), 1743-1748. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423857112
Discovery by proteogenomics and characterization of an RF-amide neuropeptide from cone snail venom
Robinson, Samuel D., Safavi-Hemami, Helena, Raghuraman, Shrinivasan, Imperial, Julita S., Papenfuss, Anthony T., Teichert, Russell W., Purcell, Anthony W., Olivera, Baldomero M. and Norton, Raymond S. (2015). Discovery by proteogenomics and characterization of an RF-amide neuropeptide from cone snail venom. Journal of Proteomics, 114, 38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.003
Dicarba analogues of α-conotoxin RgIA. Structure, stability, and activity at potential pain targets
Chhabra, Sandeep, Belgi, Alessia, Bartels, Peter, van Lierop, Bianca J., Robinson, Samuel D., Kompella, Shiva N., Hung, Andrew, Callaghan, Brid P., Adams, David J., Robinson, Andrea J. and Norton, Raymond S. (2014). Dicarba analogues of α-conotoxin RgIA. Structure, stability, and activity at potential pain targets. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 57 (23), 9933-9944. doi: 10.1021/jm501126u
Robinson, Samuel D. and Norton, Raymond S. (2014). Conotoxin gene superfamilies. Marine Drugs, 12 (12), 6058-6101. doi: 10.3390/md12126058
Diversity of conotoxin gene superfamilies in the venomous snail, Conus victoriae
Robinson, Samuel D., Safavi-Hemami, Helena, McIntosh, Lachlan D., Purcell, Anthony W., Norton, Raymond S. and Papenfuss, Anthony T. (2014). Diversity of conotoxin gene superfamilies in the venomous snail, Conus victoriae. PLoS One, 9 (2) e87648, e87648. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087648
Green, Brad R., Zhang, Min-Min, Chhabra, Sandeep, Robinson, Samuel D., Wilson, Michael J., Redding, Addison, Olivera, Baldomero M., Yoshikami, Doju, Bulaj, Grzegorz and Norton, Raymond S. (2014). Interactions of disulfide-deficient selenocysteine analogs of μ-conotoxin BuIIIB with the α-subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel subtype 1.3. The FEBS Journal, 281 (13), 2885-2898. doi: 10.1111/febs.12835
Van Lierop, Bianca J., Robinson, Samuel D., Kompella, Shiva N., Belgi, Alessia, McArthur, Jeffrey R., Hung, Andrew, Macraild, Christopher A., Adams, David J., Norton, Raymond S. and Robinson, Andrea J. (2013). Dicarba α-conotoxin Vc1.1 analogues with differential selectivity for nicotinic acetylcholine and GABAB receptors. ACS Chemical Biology, 8 (8), 1815-1821. doi: 10.1021/cb4002393
Robinson, S. D., Aitken, J. F., Bailey, R. J., Poyner, D. R. and Hay, D. L. (2011). Novel peptide antagonists of adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors: Identification, pharmacological characterization, and interactions with position 74 in receptor activity-modifying protein 1/3 (Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2009) 331, (513-521)). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 339 (1).
Robinson, Samuel D., Aitken, Jacqueline F., Bailey, Richard J., Poyner, David R. and Hay, Debbie L. (2009). Novel peptide antagonists of adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors: Identification, pharmacological characterization, and interactions with position 74 in receptor activity-modifying protein 1/3. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 331 (2), 513-521. doi: 10.1124/jpet.109.156448
Convergent evolution of defensive venom components in spitting cobras
Kazandjian, Taline, Petras, Daniel, Robinson, Sam, Undheim, Eivind, Arbuckle, Kevin, Whiteley, Gareth, Albulescu, Laura-Oana, Ainsworth, Stuart, Wagstaff, Simon, Wuster, Wolfgang, Harrison, Robert, Vetter, Irina, Calvete, Juan and Casewell, Nicholas (2020). Convergent evolution of defensive venom components in spitting cobras. 20th World Congress of the International Society on Toxinology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 8-13 September 2019. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier . doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.059
Nixon, Samantha, Agwa, Akello, Robinson, Sam, Walker, Andrew, Touchard, Axel, Schroeder, Christina, Vetter, Irina, Kotze, Andrew C., Herzig, Volker and King, Glenn F. (2020). Discovery and characterisation of novel peptides from Amazonian stinging ant venoms with antiparasitic activity. 20th World Congress of the International-Society-on-Toxinology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 8-13 September 2019. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier.
New Toxin Tools for Dissecting Pain
(2023–2027) NHMRC Investigator Grants
A new class of sodium channel toxin from ant venoms
(2021–2024) ARC Discovery Projects
Gain from pain: new tools from venomous animals for exploring pain pathways
(2019–2022) ARC Discovery Projects
Uncovering the chemistry behind the world's most painful stings
(2019–2020) National Geographic Society
Identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from animal venoms
Doctor Philosophy — Principal Advisor
Other advisors:
Evaluation of Phylogenetic Patterns of Scorpion Pathophysiological Effects and Effectiveness of Next-Generation Antivenoms
Doctor Philosophy — Associate Advisor
Other advisors:
Note for students: The possible research projects listed on this page may not be comprehensive or up to date. Always feel free to contact the staff for more information, and also with your own research ideas.
Identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from animal venoms
Almost all venomous animals use their venoms for defensive purposes—many solely. Defensive stings or bites, such as those of ants, wasps, scorpions and spiders, are often associated with intense pain caused by toxins that directly target sensory neurons, hijacking or overstimulating neuronal transmission. These pain-causing toxins have the potential to be used as tools to study the nervous system and uncover new pain signalling components (i.e. ion channels and/or receptors). The focus of this project will be the discovery and characterisation of pain-causing toxins from ant venoms.
The aims of this project will be:
Techniques learned/applied may include (but are not limited to) venom collection, fractionation and purification; transcriptomics, proteomics and mass spectrometry; peptide synthesis; ion channel electrophysiology, microscopy, and in vivo pain models.
The identification and characterisation of new pain-causing toxins from venoms will provide new knowledge about methods of chemical defence used by venomous animals and has the potential to elucidate new components of human pain signalling. A better understanding of our pain physiology may ultimately lead to the development of new or improved pain treatments.
The project will be completed at the UQ Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) under the supervision of Dr. Sam Robinson, Dr. Jennifer Deuis, and Prof. Irina Vetter. UQ has a strong, internationally-focused research culture, and it is consistently ranked in the top 1% of world universities. The IMB is a leading research institute in the Asia-Pacific region and is internationally renowned for excellence in venom research (with experts in all aspects of venom biology including venom-peptide pharmacology, chemistry, structural biology, and venoms-based drug discovery) and pain research (it is home to the IMB Centre for Pain Research).