The University of Queensland

Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Type 1

Butcher, Neville J., Li, Pengcheng, Wang, Lili and Minchin, Rodney F. (2018). Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Type 1. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases in Health and Disease: From Pharmacogenetics to Drug Discovery and Diagnostics. (pp. 91-107) edited by Nicola Laurieri and Edith Sim. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi: 10.1142/9789813232013_0004

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases

Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2008). Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases. Encyclopedia of cancer. (pp. 255-257) edited by Manfred Schwab. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-47648-1_408

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Gene Polymorphism

Butcher, N. J. and Minchin, R. F. (2005). Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Gene Polymorphism. Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics. (pp. 79-83) edited by Jurgen Fuchs and Maurizio Podda. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Dose-dependent effect of phenothiazines as dynamin II inhibitors on the uptake of PEGylated liposomes by endocytic cells and in vivo pharmacokinetics of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in rats

Subasic, Christopher N., Butcher, Neville J., Simpson, Fiona, Minchin, Rodney F. and Kaminskas, Lisa M. (2023). Dose-dependent effect of phenothiazines as dynamin II inhibitors on the uptake of PEGylated liposomes by endocytic cells and in vivo pharmacokinetics of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in rats. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 20 (9), 4468-4477. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00102

Contrasting Effects of Temperature on Human Arylamine <i>N</i>-Acetyltransferase and Acetyl Coenzyme A Hydrolase Activities

Choudhury, Chandra, McAleese, Courtney E., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2023). Contrasting Effects of Temperature on Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase and Acetyl Coenzyme A Hydrolase Activities. Biochemistry, 62 (14), 2093-2097. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00113

Dose-Dependent Production of Anti-PEG IgM after Intramuscular PEGylated-Hydrogenated Soy Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes, but Not Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations of DNA, Correlates with the Plasma Clearance of PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Rats

Subasic, Christopher N., Butcher, Neville J., Minchin, Rodney F. and Kaminskas, Lisa M. (2023). Dose-Dependent Production of Anti-PEG IgM after Intramuscular PEGylated-Hydrogenated Soy Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes, but Not Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations of DNA, Correlates with the Plasma Clearance of PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Rats. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 20 (7), 3494-3504. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00104

Utilization of endogenous albumin trafficking pathways in the lungs has potential to modestly increase the lung interstitial access and absorption of drug delivery systems after inhaled administration

Ibrahim, Jibriil P, Butcher, Neville J, Kothapalli, Ashok, Subasic, Christopher N, Blanchfield, Joanne T, Whittaker, Andrew K., Whittaker, Michael R and Kaminskas, Lisa M (2023). Utilization of endogenous albumin trafficking pathways in the lungs has potential to modestly increase the lung interstitial access and absorption of drug delivery systems after inhaled administration. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 1-11. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2244881

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 deficiency inhibits drug-induced cell death in breast cancer cells: switch from cytochrome C-dependent apoptosis to necroptosis

McAleese, Courtney E., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2022). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 deficiency inhibits drug-induced cell death in breast cancer cells: switch from cytochrome C-dependent apoptosis to necroptosis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 195 (3), 223-236. doi: 10.1007/s10549-022-06668-3

Polymorphism in the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 gene 3′-untranslated region determines polyadenylation signal usage

Choudhury, Chandra, Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2022). Polymorphism in the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 gene 3′-untranslated region determines polyadenylation signal usage. Biochemical Pharmacology, 200 115020, 115020. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115020

Poly(HPMA-co-NIPAM) copolymer as an alternative to polyethylene glycol-based pharmacokinetic modulation of therapeutic proteins

Subasic, Christopher N., Ardana, Aditya, Chan, Linda J., Huang, Fei, Scoble, Judith A., Butcher, Neville J., Meagher, Laurence, Chiefari, John, Kaminskas, Lisa M. and Williams, Charlotte C. (2021). Poly(HPMA-co-NIPAM) copolymer as an alternative to polyethylene glycol-based pharmacokinetic modulation of therapeutic proteins. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 608 121075, 121075. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121075

Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in breast cancers

McAleese, Courtney E., Choudhury, Chandra, Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2021). Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in breast cancers. Cancer Letters, 502, 189-199. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.045

Monocytes do not contribute to sex differences seen in the pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin

Wang, Lili, Butcher, Neville J, Minchin, Rodney F and Kaminskas, Lisa M (2021). Monocytes do not contribute to sex differences seen in the pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 110 (8), 3099-3101. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.009

Modulation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 activity by lysine acetylation: role of p300/CREB-binding protein and sirtuins 1 and 2

Butcher, Neville J., Burow, Rachel and Minchin, Rodney F. (2020). Modulation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 activity by lysine acetylation: role of p300/CREB-binding protein and sirtuins 1 and 2. Molecular Pharmacology, 98 (2), 88-95. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.119008

Interaction of the brain-selective sulfotransferase SULT4A1 with other cytosolic sulfotransferases: effects on protein expression and function

Idris, Misgana, Mitchell, Deanne J., Gordon, Richard, Sidharthan, Neelima P., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2020). Interaction of the brain-selective sulfotransferase SULT4A1 with other cytosolic sulfotransferases: effects on protein expression and function. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 48 (5), 337-344. doi: 10.1124/dmd.119.089714

Effect arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 on morphology, adhesion, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells: role of matrix metalloproteinases and integrin αV

Li, Pengcheng, Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2020). Effect arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 on morphology, adhesion, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells: role of matrix metalloproteinases and integrin αV. Cell Adhesion and Migration, 14 (1), 1-11. doi: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1710015

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in cancer cells: role of HIF1-α

Li, Pengcheng, Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rod (2019). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in cancer cells: role of HIF1-α. Molecular Pharmacology, 96 (5), 573-579. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.117432

Loss of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I regulates mitochondrial function by inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Wang, Lili, Minchin, Rodney F., Essebier, Patricia J. and Butcher, Neville J. (2019). Loss of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I regulates mitochondrial function by inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 110, 84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.03.002

A 30 kDa polyethylene glycol-enfuvirtide complex enhances the exposure of enfuvirtide in lymphatic viral reservoirs in rats

Kaminskas, Lisa M., Williams, Charlotte C., Leong, Nathania J., Chan, Linda J., Butcher, Neville J., Feeney, Orlagh M., Porter, Christopher J.H., Tyssen, David, Tachedjian, Gilda and Ascher, David B. (2019). A 30 kDa polyethylene glycol-enfuvirtide complex enhances the exposure of enfuvirtide in lymphatic viral reservoirs in rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 137, 218-226. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.008

The MBNL/CELF splicing factors regulate cytosolic sulfotransferase 4A1 protein expression during cell differentiation

Idris, Misgana, Butcher, Neville J and Minchin, Rodney F (2019). The MBNL/CELF splicing factors regulate cytosolic sulfotransferase 4A1 protein expression during cell differentiation. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 47 (3), 314-319. doi: 10.1124/dmd.118.085290

Allosteric regulation of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 by adenosine triphosphate

Minchin, Rodney F., Rosengren, K. Johan, Burow, Rachel and Butcher, Neville J. (2018). Allosteric regulation of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 by adenosine triphosphate. Biochemical Pharmacology, 158, 153-160. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.013

Trimodal distribution of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 mRNA in breast cancer tumors: association with overall survival and drug resistance

Minchin, Rodney F. and Butcher, Neville J. (2018). Trimodal distribution of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 mRNA in breast cancer tumors: association with overall survival and drug resistance. BMC Genomics, 19 (1) 513, 513. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4894-4

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 protects against reactive oxygen species during glucose starvation: Role in the regulation of p53 stability

Wang, LiLi, Minchin, Rodney F and Butcher, Neville J (2018). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 protects against reactive oxygen species during glucose starvation: Role in the regulation of p53 stability. PLoS One, 13 (3) e0193560, e0193560. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193560

Sulfotransferase 1A3/4 copy number variation is associated with neurodegenerative disease

Butcher, N. J., Horne, M. K., Mellick, G. D., Fowler, C. J., Masters, C. L. and Minchin, R. F. (2017). Sulfotransferase 1A3/4 copy number variation is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 18 (2), 209-214. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2017.4

Role for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 in the methionine salvage pathway

Witham, Katey L., Minchin, Rodney F. and Butcher, Neville J. (2017). Role for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 in the methionine salvage pathway. Biochemical Pharmacology, 125, 93-100. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.015

Drug delivery: unravelling the stealth effect

Butcher, Neville J., Mortimer, Gysell M. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2016). Drug delivery: unravelling the stealth effect. Nature Nanotechnology, 11 (4), 310-311. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2016.6

Effects of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines

Tiang, Jacky M., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2015). Effects of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Medicine, 4 (4), 565-574. doi: 10.1002/cam4.415

The role of lysine100 in the binding of acetylcoenzyme A to human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: Implications for other acetyltransferases

Minchin, Rodney F and Butcher, Neville J (2015). The role of lysine100 in the binding of acetylcoenzyme A to human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: Implications for other acetyltransferases. Biochemical Pharmacology, 94 (3), 195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.015

Expression of the orphan cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT4A1 and its major splice variant in human tissues and cells: dimerization, degradation and polyubiquitination

Sidharthan, Neelima P., Butcher, Neville J., Mitchell, Deanne J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2014). Expression of the orphan cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT4A1 and its major splice variant in human tissues and cells: dimerization, degradation and polyubiquitination. PLoS One, 9 (7) e101520, e101520.1-e101520.8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101520

Effect of lipidated gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptides on receptor mediated binding and uptake into prostate cancer cells in vitro

Stephenson, Rachel, Varamini, Pegah, Butcher, Neville, Minchin, Rodney and Toth, Istvan (2014). Effect of lipidated gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptides on receptor mediated binding and uptake into prostate cancer cells in vitro. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 10 (8), 1799-1808. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.015

Cryptic epitopes of albumin determine mononuclear phagocyte system clearance of nanomaterials

Mortimer, Gysell M., Butcher, Neville J., Musumeci, Anthony W., Deng, Zhou J., Martin, Darren J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2014). Cryptic epitopes of albumin determine mononuclear phagocyte system clearance of nanomaterials. ACS Nano, 8 (4), 3357-3366. doi: 10.1021/nn405830g

Interaction of human arylamine n-acetyltransferase 1 with different nanomaterials

Deng, Zhou J., Butcher, Neville J., Mortimer, Gysell M., Jia, Zhongfan, Monteiro, Michael J., Martin, Darren J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2014). Interaction of human arylamine n-acetyltransferase 1 with different nanomaterials. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 42 (3), 377-383. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.055988

Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A3 is induced by dopamine and protects neuronal cells from dopamine toxicity: Role of D1 receptor-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor coupling

Sidharthan, Neelima P., Minchin, Rodney F. and Butcher, Neville J. (2013). Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A3 is induced by dopamine and protects neuronal cells from dopamine toxicity: Role of D1 receptor-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor coupling. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288 (48), 34364-34374. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.493239

5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and the S-adenosylmethionine cycle in C57BL/6J mouse tissues: gender differences and effects of arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 deletion

Witham, Katey L., Butcher, Neville J., Sugamori, Kim S., Brenneman, Debbie, Grant, Denis M. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2013). 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and the S-adenosylmethionine cycle in C57BL/6J mouse tissues: gender differences and effects of arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 deletion. PLoS One, 8 (10) e77923, e77923.1-e77923.7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077923

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: A novel drug target in cancer development

Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2012). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: A novel drug target in cancer development. Pharmacological Reviews, 64 (1), 147-165. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.004275

RNAi-mediated knock-down of Arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 expression induces E-cadherin up-regulation and cell-cell contact growth inhibition

Tiang, JM, Butcher, NJ, Cullinane, C, Humbert, PO and Minchin, RF (2011). RNAi-mediated knock-down of Arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 expression induces E-cadherin up-regulation and cell-cell contact growth inhibition. PLoS One, 6 (2) e17031, 1-10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017031

Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase human arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 expression in human tumor cells

Paterson, S, Sin, KL, Tiang, JM, Minchin, RF and Butcher, NJ (2011). Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase human arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 expression in human tumor cells. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 39 (1), 77-82. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.036202

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of human SULT4A1: Role of Erk1 and PP2A

Mitchell, Deanne J., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2011). Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of human SULT4A1: Role of Erk1 and PP2A. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, 1813 (1), 231-237. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.011

Regulation of Mouse Brain-Selective Sulfotransferase Sult4a1 by cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein and Activating Transcription Factor-2

Butcher, Neville J., Mitchell, Deanne J., Burow, Rachel and Minchin, Rodney F. (2010). Regulation of Mouse Brain-Selective Sulfotransferase Sult4a1 by cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein and Activating Transcription Factor-2. Molecular Pharmacology, 78 (3), 503-510. doi: 10.1124/mol.110.063404

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 gene regulation by androgens requires a conserved heat shock element for heat shock factor-1

Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2010). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 gene regulation by androgens requires a conserved heat shock element for heat shock factor-1. Carcinogenesis, 31 (5), 820-826. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgq042

Small molecule inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type I inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

Tiang, Jacky M., Butcher, Neville J. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2010). Small molecule inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type I inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 393 (1), 95-100. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.087

Regulation of arylamine N-acetyltransferases

Butcher, Neville J., Tiang, Jacky and Minchin, Rodney F. (2008). Regulation of arylamine N-acetyltransferases. Current Drug Metabolism, 9 (6), 498-504. doi: 10.2174/138920008784892128

Polyamine-dependent regulation of spermidine-spermine N-1-acetyltransferase mRNA translation

Butcher, Neville J., Broadhurst, Gysell M. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2007). Polyamine-dependent regulation of spermidine-spermine N-1-acetyltransferase mRNA translation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282 (39), 28530-28539. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M701265200

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase I

Minchin, RF, Hanna, PE, Dupret, JM, Wagner, CR, Rodrigues-Lima, F and Butcher, NJ (2007). Arylamine N-acetyltransferase I. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39 (11), 1999-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.12.006

Induction of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase type I by androgens in human prostate cancer cells

Butcher, Neville J., Tetlow, Natasha L., Cheung, Catherine, Broadhurst, Gysell M. and Minchin, Rodney F. (2007). Induction of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase type I by androgens in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Research, 67 (1), 85-92. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2635

Genomic organization of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type I reveals alternative promoters that generate different 5'-UTR splice variants with altered translational activities

Butcher, N. J., Arulpragasam, A., Goh, H. L., Davey, Tamara and Minchin, Rodney F. (2005). Genomic organization of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type I reveals alternative promoters that generate different 5'-UTR splice variants with altered translational activities. Biochemical Journal, 387 (1), 119-127. doi: 10.1042/BJ20040903

Proteasomal degradation of N-acetyltransferase 1 is prevented by acetylation of the active site cysteine - A mechanism for the slow acetylator phenotype and substrate-dependent down-regulation

Butcher, Neville J., Arulpragasam, Ajanthy and Minchin, Rodney F. (2004). Proteasomal degradation of N-acetyltransferase 1 is prevented by acetylation of the active site cysteine - A mechanism for the slow acetylator phenotype and substrate-dependent down-regulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (21), 22131-22137. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M312858200

Identification of a minimal promoter sequence for the human N-acetyltransferase Type I gene that binds AP-1 (activator protein 1) and YY-1 (Yin and Yang 1)

Butcher, NJ, Arulpragasam, A, Pope, C and Minchin, RF (2003). Identification of a minimal promoter sequence for the human N-acetyltransferase Type I gene that binds AP-1 (activator protein 1) and YY-1 (Yin and Yang 1). Biochemical Journal, 376 (2), 441-448. doi: 10.1042/BJ20030650

Pharmacogenetics of the arylamine N-acetyltransferases

Butcher, N. J., Boukouvala, S., Sim, E. and Minchin, R. F. (2002). Pharmacogenetics of the arylamine N-acetyltransferases. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2 (1), 30-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500053

Inactivation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 by the hydroxylamine of p-aminobenzoic acid

Butcher, NJ, Ilett, KF and Minchin, RF (2000). Inactivation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 by the hydroxylamine of p-aminobenzoic acid. Biochemical Pharmacology, 60 (12), 1829-1836. doi: 10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00501-3

Substrate-dependent regulation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 in cultured cells

Butcher, NJ, Ilett, KF and Minchin, RF (2000). Substrate-dependent regulation of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1 in cultured cells. Molecular Pharmacology, 57 (3), 468-473. doi: 10.1124/mol.57.3.468

Functional polymorphism of the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 gene caused by (CT)-T-190 and G(560)A mutations

Butcher, NJ, Ilett, KF and Minchin, RF (1998). Functional polymorphism of the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1 gene caused by (CT)-T-190 and G(560)A mutations. Pharmacogenetics, 8 (1), 67-72. doi: 10.1097/00008571-199802000-00009

Uptake of the food-derived heterocyclic amine carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and its N-hydroxy metabolite into rat pancreatic acini and hepatocytes in vitro

Butcher, N.J., Minchin, R.F., Kadlubar, F.F. and llett , K.F. (1996). Uptake of the food-derived heterocyclic amine carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and its N-hydroxy metabolite into rat pancreatic acini and hepatocytes in vitro. Carcinogenesis, 17 (4), 889-992. doi: 10.1093/carcin/17.4.889

Regulation of MMP9 expression by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT1) via Hif-1a

Li, P., Minchin, R. F. and Butcher, N. (2019). Regulation of MMP9 expression by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT1) via Hif-1a. ESMO Breast Cancer, Berlin, Germany, 2-4 May 2019 . Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.

Targeting the Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases in Cancer

Minchin, Rodney F. and Butcher, Neville J. (2014). Targeting the Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases in Cancer. 10th International Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX), Toronto, Canada, 29 September - 03 October 2013. New York, United States: Informa Healthcare.

Current trends in N-acetyltransferase research arising from the 2007 International NAT Workshop

Boukouvala, S., Westwood, I. M., Butcher, N. J. and Fakis, G. U. (2008). Current trends in N-acetyltransferase research arising from the 2007 International NAT Workshop. The United Kingdom: Future Medicine Limited. doi: 10.2217/14622416.9.6.765